Kreislaufstillstand unter besonderen Umständen: Elektrolytstörungen, Vergiftungen, Ertrinken, Unterkühlung, Hitzekrankheit, Asthma, Anaphylaxie, Herzchirurgie, Trauma, Schwangerschaft, Stromunfall

1.

Soar J, Deakin CD, Nolan JP et al (2005) European Resuscitation Council guidelines for resuscitation 2005. Section 7. Cardiac arrest in special circumstances. Resuscitation 67(Suppl 1):S135–S170PubMed

2.

Smellie WS (2007) Spurious hyperkalaemia. BMJ 334:693–695PubMed

3.

Niemann JT, Cairns CB (1999) Hyperkalemia and ionized hypocalcemia during cardiacarrest and resuscitation: possible culprits for postcountershock arrhythmias? Ann Emerg Med 34:1–7PubMed

4.

Ahmed J, Weisberg LS (2001) Hyperkalemia in dialysis patients. Semin Dial 14:348–356PubMed

5.

Alfonzo AV, Isles C, Geddes C, Deighan C (2006) Potassium disorders – clinical spectrum and emergency management. Resuscitation 70:10–25PubMed

6.

Mahoney B, Smith W, Lo D et al (2005) Emergency interventions for hyperkalaemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD003235

7.

Ngugi NN, McLigeyo SO, Kayima JK (1997) Treatment of hyperkalaemia by altering the transcellular gradient in patients with renal failure: effect of various therapeutic approaches. East Afr Med J 74:503–509PubMed

8.

Allon M, Shanklin N (1996) Effect of bicarbonate administration on plasma potassium in dialysis patients: interactions with insulin and albuterol. Am J Kidney Dis 28:508–514PubMed

9.

Zehnder C, Gutzwiller JP, Huber A et al (2001) Low-potassium and glucose-free dialysis maintains urea but enhances potassium removal. Nephrol Dial Transplant 16:78–84PubMed

10.

Gutzwiller JP, Schneditz D, Huber AR et al (2003) Increasing blood flow increases kt/V(urea) and potassium removal but fails to improve phosphate removal. Clin Nephrol 59:130–136PubMed

11.

Heguilen RM, Sciurano C, Bellusci AD et al (2005) The faster potassium-lowering effect of high dialysate bicarbonate concentrations in chronic haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 20:591–597PubMed

12.

Pun PH, Lehrich RW, Smith SR, Middleton JP (2007) Predictors of survival after cardiac arrest in outpatient hemodialysis clinics. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2:491–500PubMed

13.

Alfonzo AV, Simpson K, Deighan C et al (2007) Modifications to advanced life support in renal failure. Resuscitation 73:12–28PubMed

14.

Davis TR, Young BA, Eisenberg MS et al (2008) Outcome of cardiac arrests attended by emergency medical services staff at community outpatient dialysis centers. Kidney Int 73:933–939PubMed

15.

Lafrance JP, Nolin L, Senecal L, Leblanc M (2006) Predictors and outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) calls in a large haemodialysis unit over a seven-year period. Nephrol Dial Transplant 21:1006–1012PubMed

16.

Sandroni C, Nolan J, Cavallaro F, Antonelli M (2007) In-hospital cardiac arrest: incidence, prognosis and possible measures to improve survival. Intensive Care Med 33:237–245PubMed

17.

Meaney PA, Nadkarni VM, Kern KB et al (2010) Rhythms and outcomes of adult in-hospital cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 38:101–108PubMed

18.

Bird S, Petley GW, Deakin CD, Clewlow F (2007) Defibrillation during renal dialysis: a survey of UK practice and procedural recommendations. Resuscitation 73:347–353PubMed

19.

Lehrich RW, Pun PH, Tanenbaum ND et al (2007) Automated external defibrillators and survival from cardiac arrest in the outpatient hemodialysis clinic. J Am Soc Nephrol 18:312–320PubMed

20.

Rastegar A, Soleimani M (2001) Hypokalaemia and hyperkalaemia. Postgrad Med J 77:759–764PubMed

21.

Cohn JN, Kowey PR, Whelton PK, Prisant LM (2000) New guidelines for potassium replacement in clinical practice: a contemporary review by the National Council on Potassium in Clinical Practice. Arch Intern Med 160:2429–2436PubMed

22.

Bronstein AC, Spyker DA, Cantilena LR Jr et al (2009) 2008 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers‘ National Poison Data System (NPDS): 26th Annual Report. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 47:911–1084

23.

Yanagawa Y, Sakamoto T, Okada Y (2007) Recovery from a psychotropic drug overdose tends to depend on the time from ingestion to arrival, the Glasgow Coma Scale, and a sign of circulatory insufficiency on arrival. Am J Emerg Med 25:757–761PubMed

24.

Zimmerman JL (2003) Poisonings and overdoses in the intensive care unit: General and specific management issues. Crit Care Med 31:2794–2801PubMed

25.

Proudfoot AT, Krenzelok EP, Vale JA (2004) Position Paper on urine alkalinization. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 42:1–26PubMed

26.

Greene S, Harris C, Singer J (2008) Gastrointestinal decontamination of the poisoned patient. Pediatr Emerg Care 24:176–186 quiz 87–89PubMed

27.

Vale JA (1997) Position statement: gastric lavage. American Academy of Clinical Toxicology European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 35:711–719PubMed

28.

Vale JA, Kulig K (2004) Position paper: gastric lavage. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 42:933–943PubMed

29.

Krenzelok EP, McGuigan M, Lheur P (1997) Position statement: ipecac syrup. American Academy of Clinical Toxicology European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 35:699–709PubMed

30.

Chyka PA, Seger D, Krenzelok EP, Vale JA (2005) Position paper: Single-dose activated charcoal. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 43:61–87

31.

(o A) (2004) Position paper: whole bowel irrigation. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 42:843–854

32.

Krenzelok EP (2005) Ipecac syrup-induced emesis…no evidence of benefit. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 43:11–12

33.

(o A) (2004) Position paper: Ipecac syrup. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 42:133–143

34.

Pitetti RD, Singh S, Pierce MC (2003) Safe and efficacious use of procedural sedation and analgesia by nonanesthesiologists in a pediatric emergency department. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 157:1090–1096PubMed

35.

(o A) (1992) Treatment of benzodiazepine overdose with flumazenil. The Flumazenil in Benzodiazepine Intoxication Multicenter Study Group. Clin Ther 14:978–995

36.

Lheureux P, Vranckx M, Leduc D, Askenasi R (1992) Flumazenil in mixed benzodiazepine/tricyclic antidepressant overdose: a placebo-controlled study in the dog. Am J Emerg Med 10:184–188PubMed

37.

Beauvoir C, Passeron D, du Cailar G, Millet E (1991) Diltiazem poisoning: hemodynamic aspects. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 10:154–157PubMed

38.

Gillart T, Loiseau S, Azarnoush K et al (2008) Resuscitation after three hours of cardiac arrest with severe hypothermia following a toxic coma. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 27:510–513PubMed

39.

Nordt SP, Clark RF (1997) Midazolam: a review of therapeutic uses and toxicity. J Emerg Med 15:357–365PubMed

40.

Machin KL, Caulkett NA (1998) Cardiopulmonary effects of propofol and a medetomidinemidazolam- ketamine combination in mallard ducks. Am J Vet Res 59:598–602PubMed

41.

Osterwalder JJ (1996) Naloxone – for intoxications with intravenous heroin and heroin mixtures – harmless or hazardous? A prospective clinical study. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 34:409–416PubMed

42.

Sporer KA, Firestone J, Isaacs SM (1996) Out-of-hospital treatment of opioid overdoses in an urban setting. Acad Emerg Med 3:660–667PubMed

43.

Wanger K, Brough L, Macmillan I et al (1998) Intravenous vs subcutaneous naloxone for out-of-hospital management of presumed opioid overdose. Acad Emerg Med 5:293–299PubMed

44.

Hasan RA, Benko AS, Nolan BM et al (2003) Cardiorespiratory effects of naloxone in children. Ann Pharmacother 37:1587–1592PubMed

45.

Sporer KA (1999) Acute heroin overdose. Ann Intern Med 130:584–590PubMed

46.

Kaplan JL, Marx JA, Calabro JJ et al (1999) Double-blind, randomized study of nalmefene and naloxone in emergency department patients with suspected narcotic overdose. Ann Emerg Med 34:42–50PubMed

47.

Schneir AB, Vadeboncoeur TF, Offerman SR et al (2002) Massive OxyContin ingestion refractory to naloxone therapy. Ann Emerg Med 40:425–428PubMed

48.

Kelly AM, Kerr D, Dietze P et al (2005) Randomised trial of intranasal versus intramuscular naloxone in prehospital treatment for suspected opioid overdose. Med J Aust 182:24–27PubMed

49.

Robertson TM, Hendey GW, Stroh G, Shalit M (2009) Intranasal naloxone is a viable alternative to intravenous naloxone for prehospital narcotic overdose. Prehosp Emerg Care 13:512–515PubMed

50.

Tokarski GF, Young MJ (1988) Criteria for admitting patients with tricyclic antidepressant overdose. J Emerg Med 6:121–124PubMed

51.

Banahan BF Jr, Schelkun PH (1990) Tricyclic antidepressant overdose: conservative management in a community hospital with cost-saving implications. J Emerg Med 8:451–454PubMed

52.

Hulten BA, Adams R, Askenasi R et al (1992) Predicting severity of tricyclic antidepressant overdose. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 30:161–170PubMed

53.

Bailey B, Buckley NA, Amre DK (2004) A meta-analysis of prognostic indicators to predict seizures, arrhythmias or death after tricyclic antidepressant overdose. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 42:877–888PubMed

54.

Thanacoody HK, Thomas SH (2005) Tricyclic antidepressant poisoning: cardiovascular toxicity. Toxicol Rev 24:205–214PubMed

55.

Woolf AD, Erdman AR, Nelson LS et al (2007) Tricyclic antidepressant poisoning: an evidence-based consensus guideline for out-of-hospital management. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 45:203–233

56.

Hoffman JR, Votey SR, Bayer M, Silver L (1993) Effect of hypertonic sodium bicarbonate in the treatment of moderate-to-severe cyclic antidepressant overdose. Am J Emerg Med 11:336–341PubMed

57.

Koppel C, Wiegreffe A, Tenczer J (1992) Clinical course, therapy, outcome and analytical data in amitriptyline and combined amitriptyline/chlordiazepoxide overdose. Hum Exp Toxicol 11:458–465PubMed

58.

Brown TC (1976) Tricyclic antidepressant overdosage: experimental studies on the management of circulatory complications. Clin Toxicol 9:255–272PubMed

59.

Hedges JR, Baker PB, Tasset JJ et al (1985) Bicarbonate therapy for the cardiovascular toxicity of amitriptyline in an animal model. J Emerg Med 3:253–260PubMed

60.

Knudsen K, Abrahamsson J (1997) Epinephrine and sodium bicarbonate independently and additively increase survival in experimental amitriptyline poisoning. Crit Care Med 25:669–674PubMed

61.

Nattel S, Mittleman M (1984) Treatment of ventricular tachyarrhythmias resulting from amitriptyline toxicity in dogs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 231:430–435PubMed

62.

Pentel P, Benowitz N (1984) Efficacy and mechanism of action of sodium bicarbonate in the treatment of desipramine toxicity in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 230:12–19PubMed

63.

Sasyniuk BI, Jhamandas V, Valois M (1986) Experimental amitriptyline intoxication: treatment of cardiac toxicity with sodium bicarbonate. Ann Emerg Med 15:1052–1059PubMed

64.

Yoav G, Odelia G, Shaltiel C (2002) A lipid emulsion reduces mortality from clomipramine overdose in rats. Vet Hum Toxicol 44:30PubMed

65.

Harvey M, Cave G (2007) Intralipid outperforms sodium bicarbonate in a rabbit model of clomipramine toxicity. Ann Emerg Med 49:178–185, 85 e1–e4PubMed

66.

Brunn GJ, Keyler DE, Pond SM, Pentel PR (1992) Reversal of desipramine toxicity in rats using drug-specific antibody Fab‘ fragment: effects on hypotension and interaction with sodium bicarbonate. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 260:1392–1399PubMed

67.

Brunn GJ, Keyler DE, Ross CA et al (1991) Drug-specific F(ab‘)2 fragment reduces desipramine cardiotoxicity in rats. Int J Immunopharmacol 13:841–851PubMed

68.

Hursting MJ, Opheim KE, Raisys VA et al (1989) Tricyclic antidepressant-specific Fab fragments alter the distribution and elimination of desipramine in the rabbit: a model for overdose treatment. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 27:53–66PubMed

69.

Pentel PR, Scarlett W, Ross CA et al (1995) Reduction of desipramine cardiotoxicity and prolongation of survival in rats with the use of polyclonal drugspecific antibody Fab fragments. Ann Emerg Med 26:334–341PubMed

70.

Pentel PR, Ross CA, Landon J et al (1994) Reversal of desipramine toxicity in rats with polyclonal drug-specific antibody Fab fragments. J Lab Clin Med 123:387–393PubMed

71.

Dart RC, Sidki A, Sullivan JB Jr et al (1996) Ovine desipramine antibody fragments reverse desipramine cardiovascular toxicity in the rat. Ann Emerg Med 27:309–315PubMed

72.

Heard K, Dart RC, Bogdan G et al (2006) A preliminary study of tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) ovine FAB for TCA toxicity. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 44:275–281

73.

Pentel P, Peterson CD (1980) Asystole complicating physostigmine treatment of tricyclic antidepressant overdose. Ann Emerg Med 9:588–590PubMed

74.

Lange RA, Cigarroa RG, Yancy CW Jr et al (1989) Cocaine-induced coronary-artery vasoconstriction. N Engl J Med 321:1557–1562PubMed

75.

Baumann BM, Perrone J, Hornig SE et al (2000) Randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial of diazepam, nitroglycerin, or both for treatment of patients with potential cocaine-associated acute coronary syndromes. Acad Emerg Med 7:878–885PubMed

76.

Honderick T, Williams D, Seaberg D, Wears R (2003) A prospective, randomized, controlled trial of benzodiazepines and nitroglycerine or nitroglycerine alone in the treatment of cocaineassociated acute coronary syndromes. Am J Emerg Med 21:39–42PubMed

77.

Negus BH, Willard JE, Hillis LD et al (1994) Alleviation of cocaine-induced coronary vasoconstriction with intravenous verapamil. Am J Cardiol 73:510–513PubMed

78.

Saland KE, Hillis LD, Lange RA, Cigarroa JE (2002) Influence of morphine sulfate on cocaine-induced coronary vasoconstriction. Am J Cardiol 90:810–811PubMed

79.

Brogan WCI, Lange RA, Kim AS et al (1991) Alleviation of cocaineinduced coronary vasoconstriction by nitroglycerin. J Am Coll Cardiol 18:581–586PubMed

80.

Hollander JE, Hoffman RS, Gennis P et al (1994) Nitroglycerin in the treatment of cocaine associated chest pain – clinical safety and efficacy. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 32:243–256PubMed

81.

Dattilo PB, Hailpern SM, Fearon K et al (2008) Beta-blockers are associated with reduced risk of myocardial infarction after cocaine use. Ann Emerg Med 51:117–125PubMed

82.

Vongpatanasin W, Mansour Y, Chavoshan B et al (1999) Cocaine stimulates the human cardiovascular system via a central mechanism of action. Circulation 100:497–502PubMed

83.

Lange RA, Cigarroa RG, Flores ED et al (1990) Potentiation of cocaine-induced coronary vasoconstriction by beta-adrenergic blockade. Ann Intern Med 112:897–903PubMed

84.

Sand IC, Brody SL, Wrenn KD, Slovis CM (1991) Experience with esmolol for the treatment of cocaine-associated cardiovascular complications. Am J Emerg Med 9:161–163PubMed

85.

Sofuoglu M, Brown S, Babb DA et al (2000) Carvedilol affects the physiological and behavioral response to smoked cocaine in humans. Drug Alcohol Depend 60:69–76PubMed

86.

Sofuoglu M, Brown S, Babb DA et al (2000) Effects of labetalol treatment on the physiological and subjective response to smoked cocaine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 65:255–259PubMed

87.

Boehrer JD, Moliterno DJ, Willard JE et al (1993) Influence of labetalol on cocaine-induced coronary vasoconstriction in humans. Am J Med 94:608–610PubMed

88.

Hsue PY, McManus D, Selby V et al (2007) Cardiac arrest in patients who smoke crack cocaine. Am J Cardiol 99:822–824PubMed

89.

Litz RJ, Popp M, Stehr SN, Koch T (2006) Successful resuscitation of a patient with ropivacaine-induced asystole after axillary plexus block using lipid infusion. Anaesthesia 61:800–801PubMed

90.

Rosenblatt MA, Abel M, Fischer GW et al (2006) Successful use of a 20% lipid emulsion to resuscitate a patient after a presumed bupivacaine-related cardiac arrest. Anesthesiology 105:217–218PubMed

91.

Marwick PC, Levin AI, Coetzee AR (2009) Recurrence of cardiotoxicity after lipid rescue from bupivacaine-induced cardiac arrest. Anesth Analg 108:1344–1346PubMed

92.

Smith HM, Jacob AK, Segura LG et al (2008) Simulation education in anesthesia training: a case report of successful resuscitation of bupivacaine-induced cardiac arrest linked to recent simulation training. Anesth Analg 106:1581–1584, table of contentsPubMed

93.

Warren JA, Thoma RB, Georgescu A, Shah SJ (2008) Intravenous lipid infusion in the successful resuscitation of local anesthetic-induced cardiovascular collapse after supraclavicular brachial plexus block. Anesth Analg 106:1578–1580, table of contentsPubMed

94.

Foxall GL, Hardman JG, Bedforth NM (2007) Three-dimensional, multiplanar, ultrasoundguided, radial nerve block. Reg Anesth Pain Med 32:516–521PubMed

95.

Shah S, Gopalakrishnan S, Apuya J, Martin T (2009) Use of Intralipid in an infant with impending cardiovascular collapse due to local anesthetic toxicity. J Anesth 23:439–441PubMed

96.

Zimmer C, Piepenbrink K, Riest G, Peters J (2007) Cardiotoxic and neurotoxic effects after accidental intravascular bupivacaine administration. Therapy with lidocaine propofol and lipid emulsion. Anaesthesist 56:449–453PubMed

97.

Litz RJ, Roessel T, Heller AR, Stehr SN (2008) Reversal of central nervous system and cardiac toxicity after local anesthetic intoxication by lipid emulsion injection. Anesth Analg 106:1575–1577, table of contentsPubMed

98.

Ludot H, Tharin JY, Belouadah M et al (2008) Successful resuscitation after ropivacaine and lidocaine-induced ventricular arrhythmia following posterior lumbar plexus block in a child. Anesth Analg 106:1572–1574, table of contentsPubMed

99.

Cave G, Harvey MG, Winterbottom T (2009) Evaluation of the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland lipid infusion protocol in bupivacaine induced cardiac arrest in rabbits. Anaesthesia 64:732–737PubMed

100.

Di Gregorio G, Schwartz D, Ripper R et al (2009) Lipid emulsion is superior to vasopressin in a rodent model of resuscitation from toxin-induced cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 37:993–999

101.

Weinberg GL, VadeBoncouer T, Ramaraju GA et al (1998) Pretreatment or resuscitation with a lipid infusion shifts the dose-response to bupivacaineinduced asystole in rats. Anesthesiology 88:1071–1075PubMed

102.

Weinberg G, Ripper R, Feinstein DL, Hoffman W (2003) Lipid emulsion infusion rescues dogs from bupivacaine-induced cardiac toxicity. Reg Anesth Pain Med 28:198–202PubMed

103.

Weinberg GL, Di Gregorio G, Ripper R et al (2008) Resuscitation with lipid versus epinephrine in a rat model of bupivacaine overdose. Anesthesiology 108:907–913PubMed

104.

(o A) (2010) Management of severe local anaesthetic toxicity. Association of anaesthetists of great Britain and Ireland. (Accessed 28 June 2010, 2010, at

105.

Mayr VD, Mitterschiffthaler L, Neurauter A et al (2008) A comparison of the combination of epinephrine and vasopressin with lipid emulsion in a porcine model of asphyxial cardiac arrest after intravenous injection of bupivacaine. Anesth Analg 106:1566–1571, table of contentsPubMed

106.

Hicks SD, Salcido DD, Logue ES et al (2009) Lipid emulsion combined with epinephrine and vasopressin does not improve survival in a swine model of bupivacaine-induced cardiac arrest. Anesthesiology 111:138–146PubMed

107.

Hiller DB, Gregorio GD, Ripper R et al (2009) Epinephrine impairs lipid resuscitation from bupivacaine overdose: a threshold effect. Anesthesiology 111:498–505PubMed

108.

Bailey B (2003) Glucagon in beta-blocker and calcium channel blocker overdoses: a systematic review. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 41:595–602PubMed

109.

Fahed S, Grum DF, Papadimos TJ (2008) Labetalol infusion for refractory hypertension causing severe hypotension and bradycardia: an issue of patient safety. Patient Saf Surg 2:13PubMed

110.

Fernandes CM, Daya MR (1995) Sotalol-induced bradycardia reversed by glucagon. Can Fam Physician 41:659–660, 63–65PubMed

111.

Frishman W, Jacob H, Eisenberg E, Ribner H (1979) Clinical pharmacology of the new beta-adrenergic blocking drugs. Part 8. Self-poisoning with beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents: recognition and management. Am Heart J 98:798–811PubMed

112.

Gabry AL, Pourriat JL, Hoang TD, Lapandry C (1985) Cardiogenic shock caused by metoprolol poisoning. Reversibility with high doses of glucagon and isoproterenol. Presse Med 14:229PubMed

113.

Hazouard E, Ferrandiere M, Lesire V et al (1999) Peduncular hallucinosis related to propranolol self-poisoning: efficacy of intravenous glucagon. Intensive Care Med 25:336–337PubMed

114.

Khan MI, Miller MT (1985) Beta-blocker toxicity – the role of glucagon. Report of 2 cases. S Afr Med J 67:1062–1063PubMed

115.

Moller BH (1976) Letter: Massive intoxication with metoprolol. Br Med J 1:222PubMed

116.

O’Mahony D, O’Leary P, Molloy MG (1990) Severe oxprenolol poisoning: the importance of glucagon infusion. Hum Exp Toxicol 9:101–103

117.

Wallin CJ, Hulting J (1983) Massive metoprolol poisoning treated with prenalterol. Acta Med Scand 214:253–255PubMed

118.

Weinstein RS, Cole S, Knaster HB, Dahlbert T (1985) Beta blocker overdose with propranolol and with atenolol. Ann Emerg Med 14:161–163PubMed

119.

Alderfliegel F, Leeman M, Demaeyer P, Kahn RJ (1993) Sotalol poisoning associated with asystole. Intensive Care Med 19:57–58PubMed

120.

Kenyon CJ, Aldinger GE, Joshipura P, Zaid GJ (1988) Successful resuscitation using external cardiac pacing in beta adrenergic antagonist-induced bradyasystolic arrest. Ann Emerg Med 17:711–713PubMed

121.

Freestone S, Thomas HM, Bhamra RK, Dyson EH (1986) Severe atenolol poisoning: treatment with prenalterol. Hum Toxicol 5:343–345PubMed

122.

Kerns W 2nd, Schroeder D, Williams C et al (1997) Insulin improves survival in a canine model of acute beta-blocker toxicity. Ann Emerg Med 29:748–757PubMed

123.

Holger JS, Engebretsen KM, Fritzlar SJ et al (2007) Insulin versus vasopressin and epinephrine to treat beta-blocker toxicity. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 45:396–401

124.

Page C, Hacket LP, Isbister GK (2009) The use of high-dose insulin-glucose euglycemia in beta-blocker overdose: a case report. J Med Toxicol 5:139–143PubMed

125.

Kollef MH (1994) Labetalol overdose successfully treated with amrinone and alphaadrenergic receptor agonists. Chest 105:626–627PubMed

126.

O’Grady J, Anderson S, Pringle D (2001) Successful treatment of severe atenolol overdose with calcium chloride. CJEM 3:224–227

127.

Pertoldi F, D’Orlando L, Mercante WP (1998) Electromechanical dissociation 48 hours after atenolol overdose: usefulness of calcium chloride. Ann Emerg Med 31:777–781PubMed

128.

McVey FK, Corke CF (1991) Extracorporeal circulation in the management of massive propranolol overdose. Anaesthesia 46:744–746PubMed

129.

Lane AS, Woodward AC, Goldman MR (1987) Massive propranolol overdose poorly responsive to pharmacologic therapy: use of the intra-aortic balloon pump. Ann Emerg Med 16:1381–1383PubMed

130.

Rooney M, Massey KL, Jamali F et al (1996) Acebutolol overdose treated with hemodialysis and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Clin Pharmacol 36:760–763PubMed

131.

Brimacombe JR, Scully M, Swainston R (1991) Propranolol overdose – a dramatic response to calcium chloride. Med J Aust 155:267–268PubMed

132.

Olson KR, Erdman AR, Woolf AD et al (2005) Calcium channel blocker ingestion: an evidence-based consensus guideline for out-of-hospital management. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 43:797–822

133.

Boyer EW, Duic PA, Evans A (2002) Hyperinsulinemia/euglycemia therapy for calcium channel blocker poisoning. Pediatr Emerg Care 18:36–37PubMed

134.

Cohen V, Jellinek SP, Fancher L et al (2009) Tarka(R) (Trandolapril/Verapamil Hydrochloride Extended-Release) overdose. J Emerg Med

135.

Greene SL, Gawarammana I, Wood DM et al (2007) Relative safety of hyperinsulinaemia/euglycaemia therapy in the management of calcium channel blocker overdose: a prospective observational study. Intensive Care Med 33:2019–2024PubMed

136.

Harris NS (2006) Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 24–2006. A 40-year-old woman with hypotension after an overdose of amlodipine. N Engl J Med 355:602–611PubMed

137.

Herbert J, O’Malley C, Tracey J et al (2001) Verapamil overdosage unresponsive to dextrose/insulin therapy. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 39:293–294

138.

Johansen KK, Belhage B (2007) A 48-year-old woman’s survival from a massive verapamil overdose. Ugeskr Laeger 169:4074–4075PubMed

139.

Kanagarajan K, Marraffa JM, Bouchard NC et al (2007) The use of vasopressin in the setting of recalcitrant hypotension due to calcium channel blocker overdose. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 45:56–59

140.

Marques M, Gomes E, Oliveira J de (2003) Treatment of calcium channel blocker intoxication with insulin infusion: case report and literature review. Resuscitation 57:211–213PubMed

141.

Meyer M, Stremski E, Scanlon M (2003) Successful resuscitation of a verapamil intoxicated child with a dextrose-insulin infusion. Clin Intensive Care 14:109–113

142.

Morris-Kukoski C, Biswas A, Para M (2000) Insulin „euglycemia“ therapy for accidental nifedipine overdose. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 38:557

143.

Ortiz-Munoz L, Rodriguez-Ospina LF, Figueroa-Gonzalez M (2005) Hyperinsulinemiceuglycemic therapy for intoxication with calcium channel blockers. Bol Asoc Med P R 97:182–189PubMed

144.

Patel NP, Pugh ME, Goldberg S, Eiger G (2007) Hyperinsulinemic euglycemia therapy for verapamil poisoning: case report. Am J Crit Care 16:520, 18–19PubMed

145.

Place R, Carlson A, Leikin J, Hanashiro P (2000) Hyperinsulin therapy in the treatment of verapamil overdose. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol:576–577

146.

Rasmussen L, Husted SE, Johnsen SP (2003) Severe intoxication after an intentional overdose of amlodipine. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 47:1038–1040PubMed

147.

Smith SW, Ferguson KL, Hoffman RS et al (2008) Prolonged severe hypotension following combined amlodipine and valsartan ingestion. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 46:470–474

148.

Yuan TH, Kerns WPI, Tomaszewski CA et al (1999) Insulin-glucose as adjunctive therapy for severe calcium channel antagonist poisoning. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 37:463–474PubMed

149.

Dewitt CR, Waksman JC (2004) Pharmacology, pathophysiology and management of calcium channel blocker and beta-blocker toxicity. Toxicol Rev 23:223–238PubMed

150.

Eddleston M, Rajapakse S, Rajakanthan et al (2000) Anti-digoxin Fab fragments in cardiotoxicity induced by ingestion of yellow oleander: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 355:967–972PubMed

151.

Smith TW, Butler VP Jr, Haber E et al (1982) Treatment of life-threatening digitalis intoxication with digoxin-specific Fab antibody fragments: experience in 26 cases. N Engl J Med 307:1357–1362PubMed

152.

Wenger TL, Butler VPJ, Haber E, Smith TW (1985) Treatment of 63 severely digitalis-toxic patients with digoxin-specific antibody fragments. J Am Coll Cardiol 5(Suppl):118A–23APubMed

153.

Antman EM, Wenger TL, Butler VP Jr et al (1990) Treatment of 150 cases of life-threatening digitalis intoxication with digoxin-specific Fab antibody fragments: final report of a multicenter study. Circulation 81:1744–1752PubMed

154.

Woolf AD, Wenger T, Smith TW, Lovejoy FHJ (1992) The use of digoxin-specific Fab fragments for severe digitalis intoxication in children. N Engl J Med 326:1739–1744PubMed

155.

Hickey AR, Wenger TL, Carpenter VP et al (1991) Digoxin Immune Fab therapy in the management of digitalis intoxication: safety and efficacy results of an observational surveillance study. J Am Coll Cardiol 17:590–598PubMed

156.

Wenger TL (1991) Experience with digoxin immune Fab (ovine) in patients with renal impairment. Am J Emerg Med 9:21–23 discussion 33–34PubMed

157.

Wolf U, Bauer D, Traub WH (1991) Metalloproteases of Serratia liquefaciens: degradation of purified human serum proteins. Zentralbl Bakteriol 276:16–26PubMed

158.

Taboulet P, Baud FJ, Bismuth C, Vicaut E (1993) Acute digitalis intoxication – is pacing still appropriate? J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 31:261–273PubMed

159.

Lapostolle F, Borron SW, Verdier C et al (2008) Digoxin-specific Fab fragments as single first-line therapy in digitalis poisoning. Crit Care Med 36:3014–3018PubMed

160.

Hougen TJ, Lloyd BL, Smith TW (1979) Effects of inotropic and arrhythmogenic digoxin doses and of digoxin-specific antibody on myocardial monovalent cation transport in the dog. Circ Res 44:23–31PubMed

161.

Clark RF, Selden BS, Curry SC (1991) Digoxin-specific Fab fragments in the treatment of oleander toxicity in a canine model. Ann Emerg Med 20:1073–1077PubMed

162.

Brubacher JR, Lachmanen D, Ravikumar PR, Hoffman RS (1999) Efficacy of digoxin specific Fab fragments (Digibind) in the treatment of toad venom poisoning. Toxicon 37:931–942PubMed

163.

Lechat P, Mudgett-Hunter M, Margolies MN et al (1984) Reversal of lethal digoxin toxicity in guinea pigs using monoclonal antibodies and Fab fragments. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 229:210–213PubMed

164.

Dasgupta A, Szelei-Stevens KA et al (2004) Neutralization of free digoxin-like immunoreactive components of oriental medicines Dan Shen and Lu-Shen-Wan by the Fab fragment of antidigoxin antibody (Digibind). Am J Clin Pathol 121:276–281PubMed

165.

Bosse GM, Pope TM et al (1994) Recurrent digoxin overdose and treatment with digoxin-specific Fab antibody fragments. J Emerg Med 12:179–185PubMed

166.

Borron SW, Baud FJ, Barriot P et al (2007) Prospective study of hydroxocobalamin for acute cyanide poisoning in smoke inhalation. Ann Emerg Med 49:794–801, e1–e2PubMed

167.

Fortin JL, Giocanti JP, Ruttimann M, Kowalski JJ (2006) Prehospital administration of hydroxocobalamin for smoke inhalation-associated cyanide poisoning: 8 years of experience in the Paris Fire Brigade. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 44(Suppl 1):37–44

168.

Baud FJ, Barriot P, Toffis V et al (1991) Elevated blood cyanide concentrations in victims of smoke inhalation. N Engl J Med 325:1761–1766PubMed

169.

Borron SW, Baud FJ, Megarbane B, Bismuth C (2007) Hydroxocobalamin for severe acute cyanide poisoning by ingestion or inhalation. Am J Emerg Med 25:551–558PubMed

170.

Espinoza OB, Perez M, Ramirez MS (1992) Bitter cassava poisoning in eight children: a case report. Vet Hum Toxicol 34:65PubMed

171.

Houeto P, Hoffman JR, Imbert M et al (1995) Relation of blood cyanide to plasma cyanocobalamin concentration after a fixed dose of hydroxocobalamin in cyanide poisoning. Lancet 346:605–608PubMed

172.

Pontal P, Bismuth C, Garnier R (1982) Therapeutic attitude in cyanide poisoning: Retrospective study of 24 non-lethal cases. Veterinary and Human Toxicology 24:286–287

173.

Kirk MA, Gerace R, Kulig KW (1993) Cyanide and methemoglobin kinetics in smoke inhalation victims treated with the cyanide antidote kit. Ann Emerg Med 22:1413–1418PubMed

174.

Chen KK, Rose CL (1952) Nitrite and thiosulfate therapy in cyanide poisoning. J Am Med Assoc 149:113–119PubMed

175.

Yen D, Tsai J, Wang LM et al (1995) The clinical experience of acute cyanide poisoning. Am J Emerg Med 13:524–528PubMed

176.

Iqbal S, Clower JH, Boehmer TK et al (2010) Carbon monoxide-related hospitalizations in the U.S.: evaluation of a web-based query system for public health surveillance. Public Health Rep 125:423–432PubMed

177.

Hampson NB, Zmaeff JL (2001) Outcome of patients experiencing cardiac arrest with carbon monoxide poisoning treated with hyperbaric oxygen. Ann Emerg Med 38:36–41PubMed

178.

Sloan EP, Murphy DG, Hart R et al (1989) Complications and protocol considerations in carbon monoxide-poisoned patients who require hyperbaric oxygen therapy: report from a ten-year experience. Ann Emerg Med 18:629–634PubMed

179.

Chou KJ, Fisher JL, Silver EJ (2000) Characteristics and outcome of children with carbon monoxide poisoning with and without smoke exposure referred for hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Pediatr Emerg Care 16:151–155PubMed

180.

Weaver LK, Hopkins RO, Chan KJ et al (2002) Hyperbaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide poisoning. N Engl J Med 347:1057–1067PubMed

181.

Thom SR, Taber RL, Mendiguren II et al (1995) Delayed neuropsychologic sequelae after carbon monoxide poisoning: prevention by treatment with hyperbaric oxygen. Ann Emerg Med 25:474–480PubMed

182.

Scheinkestel CD, Bailey M, Myles PS et al (1999) Hyperbaric or normobaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide poisoning: a randomised controlled clinical trial. Med J Aust 170:203–210PubMed

183.

Raphael JC, Elkharrat D, Jars-Guincestre MC et al (1989) Trial of normobaric and hyperbaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide intoxication. Lancet 2:414–419PubMed

184.

Juurlink DN, Buckley NA, Stanbrook MB et al (2005) Hyperbaric oxygen for carbon monoxide poisoning. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD002041

185.

Buckley NA, Isbister GK, Stokes B, Juurlink DN (2005) Hyperbaric oxygen for carbon monoxide poisoning: a systematic review and critical analysis of the evidence. Toxicol Rev 24:75–92PubMed

186.

Satran D, Henry CR, Adkinson C et al (2005) Cardiovascular manifestations of moderate to severe carbon monoxide poisoning. J Am Coll Cardiol 45:1513–1516PubMed

187.

Henry CR, Satran D, Lindgren B et al (2006) Myocardial injury and long-term mortality following moderate to severe carbon monoxide poisoning. JAMA 295:398–402PubMed

188.

Warner DS, Bierens JJ, Beerman SB, Katz LM (2009) Drowning: a cry for help. Anesthesiology 110:1211–1213PubMed

189.

Peden MM, McGee K (2003) The epidemiology of drowning worldwide. Inj Control Saf Promot 10:195–199PubMed

190.

National Water Safety Statistics. 2006. (Accessed 28/06/10, 2010, at

191.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS) (Online). National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (producer). Available from: URL: http://wwwcdcgov/ncipc/wisqars (February 3, 2005) 2005

192.

Hu G, Baker SP (2009) Trends in unintentional injury deaths, U.S., 1999–2005: age, gender, and racial/ethnic differences. Am J Prev Med 37:188–194PubMed

193.

Driscoll TR, Harrison JA, Steenkamp M (2004) Review of the role of alcohol in drowning associated with recreational aquatic activity. Inj Prev 10:107–113PubMed

194.

Papa L, Hoelle R, Idris A (2005) Systematic review of definitions for drowning incidents. Resuscitation 65:255–264PubMed

195.

Idris AH, Berg RA, Bierens J et al (2003) Recommended guidelines for uniform reporting of data from drowning: The „Utstein style“. Resuscitation 59:45–57PubMed

196.

Layon AJ, Modell JH (2009) Drowning: Update 2009. Anesthesiology 110:1390–1401PubMed

197.

Eaton D (1995) Lifesaving, 6. Aufl. Royal Life Saving Society, London UK

198.

Watson RS, Cummings P, Quan L et al (2001) Cervical spine injuries among submersion victims. J Trauma 51:658–662PubMed

199.

Dodd FM, Simon E, McKeown D, Patrick MR (1995) The effect of a cervical collar on the tidal volume of anaesthetised adult patients. Anaesthesia 50:961–963PubMed

200.

(o A) (2005) Proceedings of the 2005 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Resuscitation 67:157–341

201.

Venema AM, Groothoff JW, Bierens JJ (2010) The role of bystanders during rescue and resuscitation of drowning victims. Resuscitation 81:434–439PubMed

202.

Youn CS, Choi SP, Yim HW, Park KN (2009) Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to drowning: An Utstein Style report of 10 years of experience from St. Mary’s Hospital. Resuscitation 80:778–783PubMed

203.

Goh SH, Low BY (1999) Drowning and near-drowning – some lessons learnt. Ann Acad Med Singapore 28:183–188PubMed

204.

Quan L, Wentz KR, Gore EJ, Copass MK (1990) Outcome and predictors of outcome in pediatric submersion victims receiving prehospital care in King County, Washington. Pediatrics 86:586–593PubMed

205.

O’Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Davison AG (2008) BTS guideline for emergency oxygen use in adult patients. Thorax 63(Suppl 6):vi1–68

206.

Perkins GD (2005) In-water resuscitation: a pilot evaluation. Resuscitation 65:321–324PubMed

207.

Szpilman D, Soares M (2004) In-water resuscitation – is it worthwhile? Resuscitation 63:25–31PubMed

208.

March NF, Matthews RC (1980) New techniques in external cardiac compressions. Aquatic cardiopulmonary resuscitation. JAMA 244:1229–1232PubMed

209.

March NF, Matthews RC (1980) Feasibility study of CPR in the water. Undersea Biomed Res 7:141–148PubMed

210.

Manolios N, Mackie I (1988) Drowning and near-drowning on Australian beaches patrolled by life-savers: a 10-year study, 1973–1983. Med J Aust 148:165–167, 70–71PubMed

211.

Rosen P, Stoto M, Harley J (1995) The use of the Heimlich maneuver in near-drowning: Institute of Medicine report. J Emerg Med 13:397–405PubMed

212.

Modell JH, Calderwood HW, Ruiz BC et al (1974) Effects of ventilatory patterns on arterial oxygenation after near-drowning in sea water. Anesthesiology 40:376–384PubMed

213.

Golden FS, Tipton MJ, Scott RC (1997) Immersion, near-drowning and drowning. Br J Anaesth 79:214–225PubMed

214.

Moran I, Zavala E, Fernandez R et al (2003) Recruitment manoeuvres in acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome. Eur Respir J Suppl 42:37s–42 sPubMed

215.

Koster RW, Sayre MR, Botha M et al (2010) International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Part 5: Adult Basic Life Support. Resuscitation In Press

216.

Wyatt JP, Tomlinson GS, Busuttil A (1999) Resuscitation of drowning victims in south-east Scotland. Resuscitation 41:101–104PubMed

217.

Schmidt U, Fritz KW, Kasperczyk W, Tscherne H (1995) Successful resuscitation of a child with severe hypothermia after cardiac arrest of 88 minutes. Prehospital Disaster Med 10:60–62PubMed

218.

Bolte RG, Black PG, Bowers RS et al (1988) The use of extracorporeal rewarming in a child submerged for 66 minutes. JAMA 260:377–379PubMed

219.

Gregorakos L, Markou N, Psalida V et al (2009) Near-drowning: clinical course of lung injury in adults. Lung 187:93–97PubMed

220.

(o A) (2000) The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 342:1301–1308

221.

Eich C, Brauer A, Timmermann A et al (2007) Outcome of 12 drowned children with attempted resuscitation on cardiopulmonary bypass: an analysis of variables based on the „Utstein Style for Drowning“. Resuscitation 75:42–52PubMed

222.

Guenther U, Varelmann D, Putensen C, Wrigge H (2009) Extended therapeutic hypothermia for several days during extracorporeal membrane-oxygenation after drowning and cardiac arrest Two cases of survival with no neurological sequelae. Resuscitation 80:379–381PubMed

223.

Wood C (2010) Towards evidence based emergency medicine: best BETs from the Manchester Royal Infirmary. BET 1: prophylactic antibiotics in near-drowning. Emerg Med J 27:393–394PubMed

224.

Van Berkel M, Bierens JJLM, Lie RLK et al (1996) Pulmonary oedema, pneumonia and mortality in submersion victims a retrospective study in 125 patients. Intensive Care Med 22:101–107

225.

Nolan JP, Morley PT, Vanden Hoek TL, Hickey RW (2003) Therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest. An advisory statement by the Advancement Life support Task Force of the International Liaison committee on Resuscitation. Resuscitation 57:231–235PubMed

226.

Nolan JP, Neumar RW, Adrie C et al (2008) Post-cardiac arrest syndrome: epidemiology, pathophysiology, treatment, and prognostication. A Scientific Statement from the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation the American Heart Association Emergency Cardiovascular Care Committee the Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia the Council on Cardiopulmonary, Perioperative, and Critical Care the Council on Clinical Cardiology the Council on Stroke. Resuscitation 79:350–379PubMed

227.

Tester DJ, Kopplin LJ, Creighton W et al (2005) Pathogenesis of unexplained drowning: new insights from a molecular autopsy. Mayo Clin Proc 80:596–600PubMed

228.

Soar J, Mancini ME, Bhanji F et al (2010)International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Part 12: Education, Implementation, and Teams. Resuscitation In Press

229.

Choi G, Kopplin LJ, Tester DJ et al (2004) Spectrum and frequency of cardiac channel defects in swimming-triggered arrhythmia syndromes. Circulation 110:2119–2124PubMed

230.

Danzl D (2007) Accidental hypothermia. In: Auerbach P (Hrsg) Wilderness medicine. Mosby, St. Louis, S 125–160

231.

Durrer B, Brugger H, Syme D (2003) The medical on-site treatment of hypothermia ICARMEDCOM recommendation. High Alt Med Biol 4:99–103PubMed

232.

Walpoth BH, Galdikas J, Leupi F et al (1994) Assessment of hypothermia with a new „tympanic“ thermometer. J Clin Monit 10:91–96PubMed

233.

Brugger H, Oberhammer R, Adler-Kastner L, Beikircher W (2009) The rate of cooling during avalanche burial a „Core“ issue. Resuscitation 80:956–958

234.

Lefrant JY, Muller L, La Coussaye JE de et al (2003) Temperature measurement in intensive care patients: comparison of urinary bladder, oesophageal, rectal, axillary, and inguinal methods versus pulmonary artery core method. Intensive Care Med 29:414–418PubMed

235.

Robinson J, Charlton J, Seal R et al (1998) Oesophageal, rectal, axillary, tympanic and pulmonary artery temperatures during cardiac surgery. Can J Anaesth 45:317–323PubMed

236.

Wood S (1991) Interactions between hypoxia and hypothermia. Annu Rev Physiol 53:71–85PubMed

237.

Schneider SM (1992) Hypothermia: from recognition to rewarming. Emerg Med Rep 13:1–20

238.

Gilbert M, Busund R, Skagseth A et al (2000) Resuscitation from accidental hypothermia of 13.7ºC with circulatory arrest. Lancet 355:375–376PubMed

239.

Lexow K (1991) Severe accidental hypothermia: survival after 6 hours 30 minutes of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Arctic Med Res 50(Suppl 6):112–114PubMed

240.

Danzl DF, Pozos RS, Auerbach PS et al (1987) Multicenter hypothermia survey. Ann Emerg Med 16:1042–1055PubMed

241.

Paal P, Beikircher W, Brugger H (2006) Avalanche emergencies. Review of the current situation. Anaesthesist 55:314–324PubMed

242.

Krismer AC, Lindner KH, Kornberger R et al (2000) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation during severe hypothermia in pigs: does epinephrine or vasopressin increase coronary perfusion pressure? Anesth Analg 90:69–73PubMed

243.

Kornberger E, Lindner KH, Mayr VD et al (2001) Effects of epinephrine in a pig model of hypothermic cardiac arrest and closed-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation combined with active rewarming. Resuscitation 50:301–308PubMed

244.

Stoner J, Martin G, O’Mara K et al (2003) Amiodarone and bretylium in the treatment of hypothermic ventricular fibrillation in a canine model. Acad Emerg Med 10:187–191PubMed

245.

Mattu A, Brady WJ, Perron AD (2002) Electrocardiographic manifestations of hypothermia. Am J Emerg Med 20:314–326PubMed

246.

Ujhelyi MR, Sims JJ, Dubin SA et al (2001) Defibrillation energy requirements and electrical heterogeneity during total body hypothermia. Crit Care Med 29:1006–1011PubMed

247.

Kornberger E, Schwarz B, Lindner KH, Mair P (1999) Forced air surface rewarming in patients with severe accidental hypothermia. Resuscitation 41:105–111PubMed

248.

Roggla M, Frossard M, Wagner A et al (2002) Severe accidental hypothermia with or without hemodynamic instability: rewarming without the use of extracorporeal circulation. Wien Klin Wochenschr 114:315–320PubMed

249.

Weinberg AD, Hamlet MP, Paturas JL et al (1990) Cold weather emergencies: principles of patient management. American Medical Publishing Co., Branford, CN

250.

Reuler JB (1978) Hypothermia: pathophysiology, clinical settings, and management. Ann Intern Med 89:519–527PubMed

251.

Zell SC, Kurtz KJ (1985) Severe exposure hypothermia: a resuscitation protocol. Ann Emerg Med 14:339–345PubMed

252.

Althaus U, Aeberhard P, Schupbach P et al (1982) Management of profound accidental hypothermia with cardiorespiratory arrest. Ann Surg 195:492–495PubMed

253.

Walpoth BH, Walpoth-Aslan BN, Mattle HP et al (1997) Outcome of survivors of accidental deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest treated with extracorporeal blood warming. N Engl J Med 337:1500–1505PubMed

254.

Silfvast T, Pettila V (2003) Outcome from severe accidental hypothermia in Southern Finland – a 10-year review. Resuscitation 59:285–290PubMed

255.

Ruttmann E, Weissenbacher A, Ulmer H et al (2007) Prolonged extracorporeal membrane oxygenation-assisted support provides improved survival in hypothermic patients with cardiocirculatory arrest. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 134:594–600PubMed

256.

Boyd J, Brugger H, Shuster M (2010) Prognostic factors in avalanche resuscitation: a systematic review. Resuscitation 81:645–652PubMed

257.

Bouchama A, Knochel JP (2002) Heat stroke. N Engl J Med 346:1978–1988PubMed

258.

Wappler F (2001) Malignant hyperthermia. Eur J Anaesthesiol 18:632–652PubMed

259.

Ali SZ, Taguchi A, Rosenberg H (2003) Malignant hyperthermia. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 17:519–533PubMed

260.

Bouchama A (2004) The 2003 European heat wave. Intensive Care Med 30:1–3PubMed

261.

Empana JP, Sauval P, Ducimetiere P et al (2009) Increase in outof-hospital cardiac arrest attended by the medical mobile intensive care units, but not myocardial infarction, during the 2003 heat wave in Paris, France. Crit Care Med 37:3079–3084PubMed

262.

Coris EE, Ramirez AM, Van Durme DJ (2004) Heat illness in athletes: the dangerous combination of heat, humidity and exercise. Sports Med 34:9–16PubMed

263.

Grogan H, Hopkins PM (2002) Heat stroke: implications for critical care and anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 88:700–707PubMed

264.

Bouchama A, De Vol EB (2001) Acid-base alterations in heatstroke. Intensive Care Med 27:680–685PubMed

265.

Pease S, Bouadma L, Kermarrec N et al (2009) Early organ dysfunction course, cooling time and outcome in classic heatstroke. Intensive Care Med 35:1454–1458PubMed

266.

Akhtar M, Jazayeri MR, Sra J et al (1993) Atrioventricular nodal reentry: clinical, electrophysiological, and therapeutic considerations. Circulation 88:282–295PubMed

267.

el-Kassimi FA, Al-Mashhadani S, Abdullah AK, Akhtar J (1986) Adult respiratory distress syndrome and disseminated intravascular coagulation complicating heat stroke. Chest 90:571–574PubMed

268.

Waruiru C, Appleton R (2004) Febrile seizures: an update. Arch Dis Child 89:751–756PubMed

269.

Berger J, Hart J, Millis M, Baker AL (2000) Fulminant hepatic failure from heat stroke requiring liver transplantation. J Clin Gastroenterol 30:429–431PubMed

270.

Huerta-Alardin AL, Varon J, Marik PE (2005) Bench-to-bedside review: Rhabdomyolysis – an overview for clinicians. Crit Care 9:158–169PubMed

271.

Wolff ED, Driessen OMJ (1977) Theophylline intoxication in a child. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 121:896–901PubMed

272.

Sidor K, Mikolajczyk W, Horwath-Stolarczyk A (2002) Acute poisoning in children hospitalized at the Medical University Hospital No 3 in Warsaw, between 1996 and 2000. Pediatr Pol 77:509–516

273.

Boyer EW, Shannon M (2005) The serotonin syndrome. N Engl J Med 352:1112–1120PubMed

274.

Bhanushali MJ, Tuite PJ (2004) The evaluation and management of patients with neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Neurol Clin 22:389–411PubMed

275.

Abraham E, Matthay MA, Dinarello CA et al (2000) Consensus conference definitions for sepsis, septic shock, acute lung injury, and acute respiratory distress syndrome: time for a reevaluation. Crit Care Med 28:232–235PubMed

276.

Savage MW, Mah PM, Weetman AP, Newell-Price J (2004) Endocrine emergencies. Postgrad Med J 80:506–515PubMed

277.

Hadad E, Weinbroum AA, Ben-Abraham R (2003) Drug-induced hyperthermia and muscle rigidity: a practical approach. Eur J Emerg Med 10:149–154PubMed

278.

Halloran LL, Bernard DW (2004) Management of drug-induced hyperthermia. Curr Opin Pediatr 16:211–215PubMed

279.

Bouchama A, Dehbi M, Chaves-Carballo E (2007) Cooling and hemodynamic management in heatstroke: practical recommendations. Crit Care 11:R54PubMed

280.

Armstrong LE, Crago AE, Adams R et al (1996) Whole-body cooling of hyperthermic runners: comparison of two field therapies. Am J Emerg Med 14:355–358PubMed

281.

Horowitz BZ (1989) The golden hour in heat stroke: use of iced peritoneal lavage. Am J Emerg Med 7:616–619PubMed

282.

Bernard S, Buist M, Monteiro O, Smith K (2003) Induced hypothermia using large volume, ice-cold intravenous fluid in comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a preliminary report. Resuscitation 56:9–13PubMed

283.

Schmutzhard E, Engelhardt K, Beer R et al (2002) Safety and efficacy of a novel intravascular cooling device to control body temperature in neurologic intensive care patients: a prospective pilot study. Crit Care Med 30:2481–2488PubMed

284.

Al-Senani FM, Graffagnino C, Grotta JC et al (2004) A prospective, multicenter pilot study to evaluate the feasibility and safety of using the CoolGard System and Icy catheter following cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 62:143–150PubMed

285.

Behringer W, Safar P, Wu X et al (2002) Veno-venous extracorporeal blood shunt cooling to induce mild hypothermia in dog experiments and review of cooling methods. Resuscitation 54:89–98PubMed

286.

Hostler D, Northington WE, Callaway CW (2009) High-dose diazepam facilitates core cooling during cold saline infusion in healthy volunteers. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 34:582–586PubMed

287.

Hadad E, Cohen-Sivan Y, Heled Y, Epstein Y (2005) Clinical review: Treatment of heat stroke: should dantrolene be considered? Crit Care 9:86–91PubMed

288.

Channa AB, Seraj MA, Saddique AA et al (1990) Is dantrolene effective in heat stroke patients? Crit Care Med 18:290–292PubMed

289.

Bouchama A, Cafege A, Devol EB et al (1991) Ineffectiveness of dantrolene sodium in the treatment of heatstroke. Crit Care Med 19:176–180PubMed

290.

Larach MG, Gronert GA, Allen GC et al (2010) Clinical presentation, treatment, and complications of malignant hyperthermia in North America from 1987 to 2006. Anesth Analg 110:498–507PubMed

291.

Krause T, Gerbershagen MU, Fiege M et al (2004) Dantrolene – a review of its pharmacology, therapeutic use and new developments. Anaesthesia 59:364–373PubMed

292.

Hall AP, Henry JA (2006) Acute toxic effects of ‚Ecstasy‘ (MDMA) and related compounds: overview of pathophysiology and clinical management. Br J Anaesth 96:678–685PubMed

293.

Eshel G, Safar P, Sassano J, Stezoski W (1990) Hyperthermia-induced cardiac arrest in dogs and monkeys. Resuscitation 20:129–143PubMed

294.

Eshel G, Safar P, Radovsky A, Stezoski SW (1997) Hyperthermia-induced cardiac arrest in monkeys: limited efficacy of standard CPR. Aviat Space Environ Med 68:415–420PubMed

295.

Zeiner A, Holzer M, Sterz F et al (2001) Hyperthermia after cardiac arrest is associated with an unfavorable neurologic outcome. Arch Intern Med 161:2007–2712PubMed

296.

Masoli M, Fabian D, Holt S, Beasley R (2004) The global burden of asthma: executive summary of the GINA Dissemination Committee report. Allergy 59:469–478PubMed

297.

Pearce N, Ait-Khaled N, Beasley R et al (2007) Worldwide trends in the prevalence of asthma symptoms: phase III of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). Thorax 62:758–766PubMed

298.

Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention 2009 2009. (Accessed 24/06/10, 2010, at

299.

Romagnoli M, Caramori G, Braccioni F et al (2007) Near-fatal asthma phenotype in the ENFUMOSA Cohort. Clin Exp Allergy 37:552–557PubMed

300.

Turner MO, Noertjojo K, Vedal S et al (1998) Risk factors for near-fatal asthma: a case-control study in hospitalized patients with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157:1804–1809PubMed

301.

Ernst P, Spitzer WO, Suissa S et al (1992) Risk of fatal and near-fatal asthma in relation to inhaled corticosteroid use. JAMA 268:3462–3464PubMed

302.

Suissa S, Blais L, Ernst P (1994) Patterns of increasing beta-agonist use and the risk of fatal or near-fatal asthma. Eur Respir J 7:1602–1609PubMed

303.

Alvarez GG, Fitzgerald JM (2007) A systematic review of the psychological risk factors associated with near fatal asthma or fatal asthma. Respiration 74:228–236PubMed

304.

Williams TJ, Tuxen DV, Scheinkestel CD et al (1992) Risk factors for morbidity in mechanically ventilated patients with acute severe asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 146:607–615PubMed

305.

Soar J, Pumphrey R, Cant A et al (2008) Emergency treatment of anaphylactic reactions – guidelines for healthcare providers. Resuscitation 77:157–169PubMed

306.

Kokturk N, Demir N, Kervan F et al (2004) A subglottic mass mimicking near-fatal asthma: a challenge of diagnosis. J Emerg Med 26:57–60PubMed

307.

Levy ML, Thomas M, Small I et al (2009) Summary of the 2008 BTS/SIGN British Guideline on the management of asthma. Prim Care Respir J 18(Suppl 1):S1–S16PubMed

308.

Rodrigo GJ, Nannini LJ (2006) Comparison between nebulized adrenaline and beta2 agonists for the treatment of acute asthma. A meta-analysis of randomized trials. Am J Emerg Med 24:217–222PubMed

309.

Rowe BH, Spooner CH, Ducharme FM et al (2001) Corticosteroids for preventing relapse following acute exacerbations of asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD000195

310.

Ratto D, Alfaro C, Sipsey J et al (1988) Are intravenous corticosteroids required in status asthmaticus? JAMA 260:527–529PubMed

311.

Aaron SD (2001) The use of ipratropium bromide for the management of acute asthma exacerbation in adults and children: a systematic review. J Asthma 38:521–530PubMed

312.

Rodrigo G, Rodrigo C, Burschtin O (1999) A meta-analysis of the effects of ipratropium bromide in adults with acute asthma. Am J Med 107:363–370PubMed

313.

Blitz M, Blitz S, Beasely R et al (2005) Inhaled magnesium sulfate in the treatment of acute asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD003898

314.

Mohammed S, Goodacre S (2007) Intravenous and nebulised magnesium sulphate for acute asthma: systematic review and meta-analysis. Emerg Med J 24:823–830PubMed

315.

Bradshaw TA, Matusiewicz SP, Crompton GK et al (2008) Intravenous magnesium sulphate provides no additive benefit to standard management in acute asthma. Respir Med 102:143–149PubMed

316.

Cowman S, Butler J (2008) Towards evidence based emergency medicine: best BETs from the Manchester Royal Infirmary. BET 3. The use of intravenous aminophylline in addition to beta-agonists and steroids in acute asthma. Emerg Med J 25:289–290PubMed

317.

Parameswaran K, Belda J, Rowe BH (2000) Addition of intravenous aminophylline to β2-agonists in adults with acute asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD002742

318.

Travers A, Jones AP, Kelly K et al (2001) Intravenous beta2- agonists for acute asthma in the emergency department. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD002988

319.

Kuitert LM, Watson D (2007) Antileukotrienes as adjunctive therapy in acute asthma. Drugs 67:1665–1670PubMed

320.

Camargo CA Jr, Gurner DM, Smithline HA et al (2010) A randomized placebo-controlled study of intravenous montelukast for the treatment of acute asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 125:374–380PubMed

321.

Cydulka R, Davison R, Grammer L et al (1988) The use of epinephrine in the treatment of older adult asthmatics. Ann Emerg Med 17:322–326PubMed

322.

Victoria MS, Battista CJ, Nangia BS (1977) Comparison of subcutaneous terbutaline with epinephrine in the treatment of asthma in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 59:128–135

323.

Victoria MS, Battista CJ, Nangia BS (1989) Comparison between epinephrine and terbutaline injections in the acute management of asthma. J Asthma 26:287–290PubMed

324.

Rodrigo GJ, Rodrigo C, Pollack CV, Rowe B (2003) Use of helium-oxygen mixtures in the treatment of acute asthma: a systematic review. Chest 123:891–896PubMed

325.

Gupta D, Keogh B, Chung KF et al (2004) Characteristics and outcome for admissions to adult, general critical care units with acute severe asthma: a secondary analysis of the ICNARC Case Mix Programme Database. Crit Care 8:R112–R121PubMed

326.

Brenner B, Corbridge T, Kazzi A (2009) Intubation and mechanical ventilation of the asthmatic patient in respiratory failure. J Allergy Clin Immunol 124:S19–S28PubMed

327.

Antonelli M, Pennisi MA, Montini L (2005) Clinical review: Noninvasive ventilation in the clinical setting – experience from the past 10 years. Crit Care 9:98–103PubMed

328.

Ram FS, Wellington S, Rowe BH, Wedzicha JA (2005) Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for treatment of respiratory failure due to severe acute exacerbations of asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD004360

329.

Leatherman JW, McArthur C, Shapiro RS (2004) Effect of prolongation of expiratory time on dynamic hyperinflation in mechanically ventilated patients with severe asthma. Crit Care Med 32:1542–1545PubMed

330.

Bowman FP, Menegazzi JJ, Check BD, Duckett TM (1995) Lower esophageal sphincter pressure during prolonged cardiac arrest and resuscitation. Ann Emerg Med 26:216–219PubMed

331.

Lapinsky SE, Leung RS (1996) Auto-PEEP and electromechanical dissociation. N Engl J Med 335:674PubMed

332.

Rogers PL, Schlichtig R, Miro A, Pinsky M (1991) Auto-PEEP during CPR. An „occult“ cause of electromechanical dissociation? Chest 99:492–493PubMed

333.

Rosengarten PL, Tuxen DV, Dziukas L et al (1991) Circulatory arrest induced by intermittent positive pressure ventilation in a patient with severe asthma. Anaesth Intensive Care 19:118–121PubMed

334.

Sprung J, Hunter K, Barnas GM, Bourke DL (1994) Abdominal distention is not always a sign of esophageal intubation: cardiac arrest due to „auto-PEEP“. Anesth Analg 78:801–804PubMed

335.

Harrison R (2010) Chest compression first aid for respiratory arrest due to acute asphyxic asthma. Emerg Med J 27:59–61PubMed

336.

Deakin CD, Morrison LJ, Morley PT et al (2010) International consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Part 8: Advanced life support. Resuscitation In Press

337.

Deakin CD, McLaren RM, Petley GW et al (1998) Effects of positive end-expiratory pressure on transthoracic impedance– implications for defibrillation. Resuscitation 37:9–12PubMed

338.

Sunde K, Jacobs I, Deakin CD et al (o J) 2010 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Part 6: Defibrillation. Resuscitation In Press

339.

Galbois A, Ait-Oufella H, Baudel JL et al (2010) Pleural ultrasound compared to chest radiographic detection of pneumothorax resolution after drainage. Chest

340.

Mabuchi N, Takasu H, Ito S et al (1991) Successful extracorporeal lung assist (ECLA) for a patient with severe asthma and cardiac arrest. Clin Intensive Care 2:292–294PubMed

341.

Martin GB, Rivers EP, Paradis NA et al (1998) Emergency department cardiopulmonary bypass in the treatment of human cardiac arrest. Chest 113:743–751PubMed

342.

Johansson SG, Bieber T, Dahl R et al (2004) Revised nomenclature for allergy for global use: Report of the nomenclature review committee of the world allergy organization, october 2003. J Allergy Clin Immunol 113:832–836PubMed

343.

Soar J (2009) Emergency treatment of anaphylaxis in adults: concise guidance. Clin Med 9:181–185PubMed

344.

Lieberman P, Camargo CA Jr, Bohlke K et al (2006) Epidemiology of anaphylaxis: findings of the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Epidemiology of Anaphylaxis Working Group. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 97:596–602PubMed

345.

Muraro A, Roberts G, Clark A et al (2007) The management of anaphylaxis in childhood: position paper of the European academy of allergology and clinical immunology. Allergy 62:857–871PubMed

346.

Harper NJ, Dixon T, Dugue P et al (2009) Suspected anaphylactic reactions associated with anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 64:199–211PubMed

347.

Pumphrey RS (2004) Fatal anaphylaxis in the UK, 1992–2001. Novartis Found Symp 257:116–128; discussion 28–32, 57–60, 276–185PubMed

348.

Gonzalez-Perez A, Aponte Z, Vidaurre CF, Rodriguez LA (2010) Anaphylaxis epidemiology in patients with and patients without asthma: a United Kingdom database review. J Allergy Clin Immunol 125:1098–1104 e1PubMed

349.

Capps JA, Sharma V, Arkwright PD (2010) Prevalence, outcome and pre-hospital management of anaphylaxis by first aiders and paramedical ambulance staff in Manchester, UK. Resuscitation 81:653–657PubMed

350.

Roberts G, Patel N, Levi-Schaffer F et al (2003) Food allergy as a risk factor for life-threatening asthma in childhood: a case-controlled study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 112:168–174PubMed

351.

Gikas A, Lazaros G, Kontou-Fili K (2005) Acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction after amoxycillin-induced anaphylactic shock in a young adult with normal coronary arteries: a case report. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 5:6PubMed

352.

Brown SG (2005) Cardiovascular aspects of anaphylaxis: implications for treatment and diagnosis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 5:359–364PubMed

353.

Sampson HA, Munoz-Furlong A, Campbell RL et al (2006) Second symposium on the definition and management of anaphylaxis: summary report – Second National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease/Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network symposium. J Allergy Clin Immunol 117:391–397PubMed

354.

Pumphrey RSH (2003) Fatal posture in anaphylactic shock. J Allergy Clin Immunol 112:451–452PubMed

355.

Visscher PK, Vetter RS, Camazine S (1996) Removing bee stings. Lancet 348:301–302PubMed

356.

Simpson CR, Sheikh A (2010) Adrenaline is first line treatment for the emergency treatment of anaphylaxis. Resuscitation 81:641–642PubMed

357.

Kemp SF, Lockey RF, Simons FE (2008) Epinephrine: the drug of choice for anaphylaxis. A statement of the World Allergy Organization. Allergy 63:1061–1070PubMed

358.

Sheikh A, Shehata YA, Brown SG, Simons FE (2008) Adrenaline (epinephrine) for the treatment of anaphylaxis with and without shock. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD006312

359.

Bautista E, Simons FE, Simons KJ et al (2002) Epinephrine fails to hasten hemodynamic recovery in fully developed canine anaphylactic shock. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 128:151–164PubMed

360.

Song TT, Nelson MR, Chang JH et al (2005) Adequacy of the epinephrine autoinjector needle length in delivering epinephrine to the intramuscular tissues. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 94:539–542PubMed

361.

Simons FE, Gu X, Simons KJ (2001) Epinephrine absorption in adults: intramuscular versus subcutaneous injection. J Allergy Clin Immunol 108:871–873PubMed

362.

Simons FE, Roberts JR, Gu X, Simons KJ (1998) Epinephrine absorption in children with a history of anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 101:33–37PubMed

363.

Simons FE, Gu X, Johnston LM, Simons KJ (2000) Can epinephrine inhalations be substituted for epinephrine injection in children at risk for systemic anaphylaxis? Pediatrics 106:1040–1044PubMed

364.

Gompels LL, Bethune C, Johnston SL, Gompels MM (2002) Proposed use of adrenaline (epinephrine) in anaphylaxis and related conditions: a study of senior house officers starting accident and emergency posts. Postgrad Med J 78:416–418PubMed

365.

Brown SG, Blackman KE, Stenlake V, Heddle RJ (2004) Insect sting anaphylaxis; prospective evaluation of treatment with intravenous adrenaline and volume resuscitation. Emerg Med J 21:149–154PubMed

366.

Sheikh A, Ten Broek V, Brown SG, Simons FE (2007) H1-antihistamines for the treatment of anaphylaxis: Cochrane systematic review. Allergy 62:830–837PubMed

367.

Choo KJ, Simons FE, Sheikh A (2010) Glucocorticoids for the treatment of anaphylaxis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3:CD007596PubMed

368.

Green R, Ball A (2005) Alpha-agonists for the treatment of anaphylactic shock. Anaesthesia 60:621–622PubMed

369.

Kluger MT (2001) The Bispectral Index during an anaphylactic circulatory arrest. Anaesth Intensive Care 29:544–547PubMed

370.

McBrien ME, Breslin DS, Atkinson S, Johnston JR (2001) Use of methoxamine in the resuscitation of epinephrine-resistant electromechanical dissociation. Anaesthesia 56:1085–1089PubMed

371.

Rocq N, Favier JC, Plancade D et al (2007) Successful use of terlipressin in post-cardiac arrest resuscitation after an epinephrine-resistant anaphylactic shock to suxamethonium. Anesthesiology 107:166–167PubMed

372.

Kill C, Wranze E, Wulf H (2004) Successful treatment of severe anaphylactic shock with vasopressin. Two case reports. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 134:260–261PubMed

373.

Dewachter P, Raeth-Fries I, Jouan-Hureaux V et al (2007) A comparison of epinephrine only, arginine vasopressin only, and epinephrine followed by arginine vasopressin on the survival rate in a rat model of anaphylactic shock. Anesthesiology 106:977–983PubMed

374.

Higgins DJ, Gayatri P (1999) Methoxamine in the management of severe anaphylaxis. Anaesthesia 54:1126PubMed

375.

Heytman M, Rainbird A (2004) Use of alpha-agonists for management of anaphylaxis occurring under anaesthesia: case studies and review. Anaesthesia 59:1210–1215PubMed

376.

Schummer W, Schummer C, Wippermann J, Fuchs J (2004) Anaphylactic shock: is vasopressin the drug of choice? Anesthesiology 101:1025–1027PubMed

377.

Di Chiara L, Stazi GV, Ricci Z et al (2008) Role of vasopressin in the treatment of anaphylactic shock in a child undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease: a case report. J Med Case Reports 2:36

378.

Meng L, Williams EL (2008) Case report: treatment of rocuronium-induced anaphylactic shock with vasopressin. Can J Anaesth 55:437–440PubMed

379.

Schummer C, Wirsing M, Schummer W (2008) The pivotal role of vasopressin in refractory anaphylactic shock. Anesth Analg 107:620–624PubMed

380.

Hiruta A, Mitsuhata H, Hiruta M et al (2005) Vasopressin may be useful in the treatment of systemic anaphylaxis in rabbits. Shock 24:264–269PubMed

381.

Thomas M, Crawford I (2005) Best evidence topic report. Glucagon infusion in refractory anaphylactic shock in patients on beta-blockers. Emerg Med J 22:272–273PubMed

382.

Allen SJ, Gallagher A, Paxton LD (2000) Anaphylaxis to rocuronium. Anaesthesia 55:1223–1224PubMed

383.

Lafforgue E, Sleth JC, Pluskwa F, Saizy C (2005) Successful extracorporeal resuscitation of a probable perioperative anaphylactic shock due to atracurium. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 24:551–555PubMed

384.

Vatsgar TT, Ingebrigtsen O, Fjose LO et al (2006) Cardiac arrest and resuscitation with an automatic mechanical chest compression device (LUCAS) due to anaphylaxis of a woman receiving caesarean section because of pre-eclampsia. Resuscitation 68:155–159PubMed

385.

Schwartz LB (2006) Diagnostic value of tryptase in anaphylaxis and mastocytosis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 26:451–463PubMed

386.

Brown SG, Blackman KE, Heddle RJ (2004) Can serum mast cell tryptase help diagnose anaphylaxis? Emerg Med Australas 16:120–124PubMed

387.

Tole JW, Lieberman P (2007) Biphasic anaphylaxis: review of incidence, clinical predictors, and observation recommendations. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 27:309–326, viiiPubMed

388.

Simons FE, Lieberman PL, Read EJ Jr, Edwards ES (2009) Hazards of unintentional injection of epinephrine from autoinjectors: a systematic review. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 102:282–287PubMed

389.

Campbell RL, Luke A, Weaver AL et al (2008) Prescriptions for self-injectable epinephrine and follow-up referral in emergency department patients presenting with anaphylaxis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 101:631–636PubMed

390.

Kelso JM (2006) A second dose of epinephrine for anaphylaxis: how often needed and how to carry. J Allergy Clin Immunol 117:464–465PubMed

391.

Choo K, Sheikh A (2007) Action plans for the long-term management of anaphylaxis: systematic review of effectiveness. Clin Exp Allergy 37:1090–1094PubMed

392.

Charalambous CP, Zipitis CS, Keenan DJ (2006) Chest reexploration in the intensive care unit after cardiac surgery: a safe alternative to returning to the operating theater. Ann Thorac Surg 81:191–194PubMed

393.

McKowen RL, Magovern GJ, Liebler GA et al (1985) Infectious complications and cost-effectiveness of open resuscitation in the surgical intensive care unit after cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 40:388–392PubMed

394.

Pottle A, Bullock I, Thomas J, Scott L (2002) Survival to discharge following Open Chest Cardiac Compression (OCCC). A 4-year retrospective audit in a cardiothoracic specialist centre – Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, United Kingdom. Resuscitation 52:269–272PubMed

395.

Mackay JH, Powell SJ, Osgathorp J, Rozario CJ (2002) Six-year prospective audit of chest reopening after cardiac arrest. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 22:421–425PubMed

396.

Birdi I, Chaudhuri N, Lenthall K et al (2000) Emergency reinstitution of cardiopulmonary bypass following cardiac surgery: outcome justifies the cost. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 17:743–746PubMed

397.

el-Banayosy A, Brehm C, Kizner L et al (1998) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac surgery: a two-year study. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 12:390–392PubMed

398.

Anthi A, Tzelepis GE, Alivizatos P et al (1998) Unexpected cardiac arrest after cardiac surgery: Incidence, predisposing causes, and outcome of open chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Chest 113:15–19PubMed

399.

Wahba A, Gotz W, Birnbaum DE (1997) Outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation following open heart surgery. Scand Cardiovasc J 31:147–149PubMed

400.

Kaiser GC, Naunheim KS, Fiore AC et al (1990) Reoperation in the intensive care unit. Ann Thorac Surg 49:903–907; discussion 8PubMed

401.

Rhodes JF, Blaufox AD, Seiden HS et al (1999) Cardiac arrest in infants after congenital heart surgery. Circulation 100:II194–II199PubMed

402.

Dimopoulou I, Anthi A, Michalis A, Tzelepis GE (2001) Functional status and quality of life in long-term survivors of cardiac arrest after cardiac surgery. Crit Care Med 29:1408–1411PubMed

403.

Kempen PM, Allgood R (1999) Right ventricular rupture during closed-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation after pneumonectomy with pericardiotomy: a case report. Crit Care Med 27:1378–1379PubMed

404.

Bohrer H, Gust R, Bottiger BW (1995) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 9:352PubMed

405.

Klintschar M, Darok M, Radner H (1998) Massive injury to the heart after attempted active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Int J Legal Med 111:93–96PubMed

406.

Fosse E, Lindberg H (1996) Left ventricular rupture following external chest compression. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 40:502–504PubMed

407.

Dunning J, Nandi J, Ariffin S et al (2006) The Cardiac Surgery Advanced Life Support Course (CALS): delivering significant improvements in emergency cardiothoracic care. Ann Thorac Surg 81:1767–1772PubMed

408.

Dunning J, Fabbri A, Kolh PH et al (2009) Guideline for resuscitation in cardiac arrest after cardiac surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 36:3–28PubMed

409.

Raman J, Saldanha RF, Branch JM et al (1989) Open cardiac compression in the postoperative cardiac intensive care unit. Anaesth Intensive Care 17:129–135PubMed

410.

Rousou JA, Engelman RM, Flack JE 3rd et al (1994) Emergency cardiopulmonary bypass in the cardiac surgical unit can be a lifesaving measure in postoperative cardiac arrest. Circulation 90:II280–II284PubMed

411.

Parra DA, Totapally BR, Zahn E et al (2000) Outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a pediatric cardiac intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 28:3296–3300PubMed

412.

Schwarz B, Bowdle TA, Jett GK et al (2003) Biphasic shocks compared with monophasic damped sine wave shocks for direct ventricular defibrillation during open heart surgery. Anesthesiology 98:1063–1069PubMed

413.

Li Y, Wang H, Cho JH et al (2010) Defibrillation delivered during the upstroke phase of manual chest compression improves shock success. Crit Care Med 38:910–915PubMed

414.

Li Y, Yu T, Ristagno G et al (2010) The optimal phasic relationship between synchronized shock and mechanical chest compressions. Resuscitation 81:724–729PubMed

415.

Knaggs AL, Delis KT, Spearpoint KG, Zideman DA (2002) Automated external defibrillation in cardiac surgery. Resuscitation 55:341–345PubMed

416.

Rosemurgy AS, Norris PA, Olson SM et al (1993) Prehospital traumatic cardiac arrest: the cost of futility. J Trauma 35:468–473PubMed

417.

Shimazu S, Shatney CH (1983) Outcomes of trauma patients with no vital signs on hospital admission. J Trauma 23:213–216PubMed

418.

Battistella FD, Nugent W, Owings JT, Anderson JT (1999) Field triage of the pulseless trauma patient. Arch Surg 134:742–745PubMed

419.

Stockinger ZT, McSwain NE Jr (2004) Additional evidence in support of withholding or terminating cardiopulmonary resuscitation for trauma patients in the field. J Am Coll Surg 198:227–231PubMed

420.

Fulton RL, Voigt WJ, Hilakos AS (1995) Confusion surrounding the treatment of traumatic cardiac arrest. J Am Coll Surg 181:209–214PubMed

421.

Pasquale MD, Rhodes M, Cipolle MD et al (1996) Defining „dead on arrival“: impact on a level I trauma center. J Trauma 41:726–730PubMed

422.

Stratton SJ, Brickett K, Crammer T (1998) Prehospital pulseless, unconscious penetrating trauma victims: field assessments associated with survival. J Trauma 45:96–100PubMed

423.

Maron BJ, Estes NA 3rd (2010) Commotio cordis. N Engl J Med 362:917–927PubMed

424.

Maron BJ, Gohman TE, Kyle SB et al (2002) Clinical profile and spectrum of commotio cordis. JAMA 287:1142–1146PubMed

425.

Maron BJ, Estes NA 3rd, Link MS (2005) Task Force 11: commotio cordis. J Am Coll Cardiol 45:1371–1373PubMed

426.

Nesbitt AD, Cooper PJ, Kohl P (2001) Rediscovering commotio cordis. Lancet 357:1195–1197PubMed

427.

Link MS, Estes M, Maron BJ (2005) Sudden death caused by chest wall trauma (commotion cordis). In: Kohl P, Sachs F, Franz MR (Hrsg) Cardiac Mechano-Electric Feedback and Arrhythmias: From Pipette to Patient. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia, S 270–276

428.

Maron BJ, Doerer JJ, Haas TS et al (2009) Sudden deaths in young competitive athletes: analysis of 1866 deaths in the United States, 1980–2006. Circulation 119:1085–1092PubMed

429.

Bouillon B, Walther T, Kramer M, Neugebauer E (1994) Trauma and circulatory arrest: 224 preclinical resuscitations in Cologne in 1987–1990 [in German]. Anaesthesist 43:786–790PubMed

430.

Fisher B, Worthen M (1999) Cardiac arrest induced by blunt trauma in children. Pediatr Emerg Care 15:274–276PubMed

431.

Hazinski MF, Chahine AA, Holcomb GW 3rd, Morris JA Jr (1994) Outcome of cardiovascular collapse in pediatric blunt trauma. Ann Emerg Med 23:1229–1235PubMed

432.

Calkins CM, Bensard DD, Partrick DA, Karrer FM (2002) A critical analysis of outcome for children sustaining cardiac arrest after blunt trauma. J Pediatr Surg 37:180–184PubMed

433.

Yanagawa Y, Saitoh D, Takasu A et al (2004) Experience of treatment for blunt traumatic out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest patients over 24 years: head injury v.s. non-head injury. No Shinkei Geka 32:231–235PubMed

434.

Pickens JJ, Copass MK, Bulger EM (2005) Trauma patients receiving CPR: predictors of survival. J Trauma 58:951–958PubMed

435.

Di Bartolomeo S, Sanson G, Nardi G et al (2005) HEMS vs. Ground-BLS care in traumatic cardiac arrest. Prehosp Emerg Care 9:79–84

436.

Willis CD, Cameron PA, Bernard SA, Fitzgerald M (2006) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation after traumatic cardiac arrest is not always futile. Injury 37:448–454PubMed

437.

David JS, Gueugniaud PY, Riou B et al (2007) Does the prognosis of cardiac arrest differ in trauma patients? Crit Care Med 35:2251–2255PubMed

438.

Crewdson K, Lockey D, Davies G (2007) Outcome from paediatric cardiac arrest associated with trauma. Resuscitation 75:29–34PubMed

439.

Huber-Wagner S, Lefering R, Qvick M et al (2007) Outcome in 757 severely injured patients with traumatic cardiorespiratory arrest. Resuscitation 75:276–285PubMed

440.

Lockey D, Crewdson K, Davies G (2006) Traumatic cardiac arrest: who are the survivors? Ann Emerg Med 48:240–244PubMed

441.

Cera SM, Mostafa G, Sing RF et al (2003) Physiologic predictors of survival in post-traumatic arrest. Am Surg 69:140–144PubMed

442.

Esposito TJ, Jurkovich GJ, Rice CL et al (1991) Reappraisal of emergency room thoracotomy in a changing environment. J Trauma 31:881–885; discussion 5–7PubMed

443.

Martin SK, Shatney CH, Sherck JP et al (2002) Blunt trauma patients with prehospital pulseless electrical activity (PEA): poor ending assured. J Trauma 53:876–880; discussion 80–81PubMed

444.

Domeier RM, McSwain NE Jr, Hopson LR et al (2003) Guidelines for withholding or termination of resuscitation in prehospital traumatic cardiopulmonary arrest. J Am Coll Surg 196:475–481PubMed

445.

Gervin AS, Fischer RP (1982) The importance of prompt transport of salvage of patients with penetrating heart wounds. J Trauma 22:443–448PubMed

446.

Branney SW, Moore EE, Feldhaus KM, Wolfe RE (1998) Critical analysis of two decades of experience with postinjury emergency department thoracotomy in a regional trauma center. J Trauma 45:87–94; discussion –5PubMed

447.

Durham LA III, Richardson RJ, Wall MJ Jr et al (1992) Emergency center thoracotomy: impact of prehospital resuscitation. J Trauma 32:775–779PubMed

448.

Frezza EE, Mezghebe H (1999) Is 30 minutes the golden period to perform emergency room thoratomy (ERT) in penetrating chest injuries? J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 40:147–151

449.

Powell DW, Moore EE, Cothren CC et al (2004) Is emergency department resuscitative thoracotomy futile care for the critically injured patient requiring prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation? J Am Coll Surg 199:211–215PubMed

450.

Coats TJ, Keogh S, Clark H, Neal M (2001) Prehospital resuscitative thoracotomy for cardiac arrest after penetrating trauma: rationale and case series. J Trauma 50:670–673PubMed

451.

Wise D, Davies G, Coats T et al (2005) Emergency thoracotomy: „how to do it“. Emerg Med J 22:22–24PubMed

452.

Kwan I, Bunn F, Roberts I (2001) Spinal immobilisation for trauma patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD002803

453.

Davies G, Lockey D (2007) Establishing the radical intervention of pre-hospital thoracotomy as a part of normal physician pre-hospital practice. 2007; 15: 106. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 15:106

454.

Matsumoto H, Mashiko K, Hara Y et al (2009) Role of resuscitative emergency field thoracotomy in the Japanese helicopter emergency medical service system. Resuscitation 80:1270–1274PubMed

455.

Voiglio EJ, Coats TJ, Baudoin YP et al (2003) Resuscitative transverse thoracotomy. Ann Chir 128:728–733PubMed

456.

(o A) (2001) Practice management guidelines for emergency department thoracotomy. Working Group, Ad Hoc Subcommittee on Outcomes, American College of Surgeons-Committee on Trauma. J Am Coll Surg 193:303–309

457.

Fialka C, Sebok C, Kemetzhofer P et al (2004) Open-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac arrest in cases of blunt chest or abdominal trauma: a consecutive series of 38 cases. J Trauma 57:809–814PubMed

458.

Jones JH, Murphy MP, Dickson RL et al (2004) Emergency physician-verified out-of-hospital intubation: miss rates by paramedics. Acad Emerg Med 11:707–709PubMed

459.

Jemmett ME, Kendal KM, Fourre MW, Burton JH (2003) Unrecognized misplacement of endotracheal tubes in a mixed urban to rural emergency medical services setting. Acad Emerg Med 10:961–965PubMed

460.

Katz SH, Falk JL (2001) Misplaced endotracheal tubes by paramedics in an urban emergency medical services system. Ann Emerg Med 37:32–37PubMed

461.

Deakin CD, Peters R, Tomlinson P, Cassidy M (2005) Securing the prehospital airway: a comparison of laryngeal mask insertion and endotracheal intubation by UK paramedics. Emerg Med J 22:64–67PubMed

462.

Cobas MA, De la Pena MA, Manning R et al (2009) Prehospital intubations and mortality: a level 1 trauma center perspective. Anesth Analg 109:489–493PubMed

463.

Pepe PE, Roppolo LP, Fowler RL (2005) The detrimental effects of ventilation during lowblood- flow states. Curr Opin Crit Care 11:212–218PubMed

464.

Deakin CD, Davies G, Wilson A (1995) Simple thoracostomy avoids chest drain insertion in prehospital trauma. J Trauma 39:373–374PubMed

465.

Luna GK, Pavlin EG, Kirkman T et al (1989) Hemodynamic effects of external cardiac massage in trauma shock. J Trauma 29:1430–1433PubMed

466.

Kragh JF Jr, Walters TJ, Baer DG et al (2009) Survival with emergency tourniquet use to stop bleeding in major limb trauma. Ann Surg 249:1–7PubMed

467.

Gao JM, Gao YH, Wei GB et al (2004) Penetrating cardiac wounds: principles for surgical management. World J Surg 28:1025–1029PubMed

468.

Kwan I, Bunn F, Roberts I (2003) Timing and volume of fluid administration for patients with bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD002245

469.

Spinella PC, Holcomb JB (2009) Resuscitation and transfusion principles for traumatic hemorrhagic shock. Blood Rev 23:231–240PubMed

470.

Pepe PE, Mosesso VNJ, Falk JL (2002) Prehospital fluid resuscitation of the patient with major trauma. Prehosp Emerg Care 6:81–91PubMed

471.

Bickell WH, Wall MJ Jr, Pepe PE et al (1994) Immediate versus delayed fluid resuscitation for hypotensive patients with penetrating torso injuries. N Engl J Med 331:1105–1109PubMed

472.

National Institute for Clinical Excellence (2004) Pre-hospital initiation of fluid replacement therapy for trauma. National Institute for Clinical Excellence, London

473.

Sumida MP, Quinn K, Lewis PL et al (2000) Prehospital blood transfusion versus crystalloid alone in the air medical transport of trauma patients. Air Med J 19:140–143PubMed

474.

Barkana Y, Stein M, Maor R et al (1999) Prehospital blood transfusion in prolonged evacuation. J Trauma 46:176–180PubMed

475.

Walcher F, Kortum S, Kirschning T et al (2002) Optimized management of polytraumatized patients by prehospital ultrasound. Unfallchirurg 105:986–994PubMed

476.

Kirschning T, Brenner F, Stier M et al (2009) Pre-hospital emergency sonography of trauma patients. Anaesthesist 58:51–60PubMed

477.

Krismer AC, Wenzel V, Voelckel WG et al (2005) Employing vasopressin as an adjunct vasopressor in uncontrolled traumatic hemorrhagic shock. Three cases and a brief analysis of the literature. Anaesthesist 54:220–224PubMed

478.

(o A) (2004) Department of health, welsh office, scottish office department of health, department of health and social services, Northern Ireland. Why mothers die. Report on confidential enquiries into maternal deaths in the United Kingdom, 2000–2002. The Stationery Office, London

479.

Hogan MC, Foreman KJ, Naghavi M et al (2010) Maternal mortality for 181 countries, 1980–2008: a systematic analysis of progress towards Millennium Development Goal 5. Lancet 375:1609–1623PubMed

480.

Lewis G (2007) The Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health (CEMACH). Saving Mothers‟ Lives: Reviewing maternal deaths to make motherhood safer – 2003–2005. The Seventh Report of the Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom. CEMACH, London

481.

Page-Rodriguez A, Gonzalez-Sanchez JA (1999) Perimortem cesarean section of twin pregnancy: case report and review of the literature. Acad Emerg Med 6:1072–1074PubMed

482.

Cardosi RJ, Porter KB (1998) Cesarean delivery of twins during maternal cardiopulmonary arrest. Obstet Gynecol 92:695–697PubMed

483.

Mendonca C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis RE (2003) Hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for Caesarean section. Left lateral position vs. tilted supine position. Anaesthesia 58:428–431PubMed

484.

Rees SG, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC et al (2002) Maternal cardiovascular consequences of positioning after spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: left 15 degree table tilt vs. left lateral. Anaesthesia 57:15–20PubMed

485.

Bamber JH, Dresner M (2003) Aortocaval compression in pregnancy: the effect of changing the degree and direction of lateral tilt on maternal cardiac output. Anesth Analg 97:256–258, table of contentsPubMed

486.

Carbonne B, Benachi A, Leveque ML et al (1996) Maternal position during labor: effects on fetal oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry. Obstet Gynecol 88:797–800PubMed

487.

Tamas P, Szilagyi A, Jeges S et al (2007) Effects of maternal central hemodynamics on fetal heart rate patterns. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 86:711–714PubMed

488.

Abitbol MM (1985) Supine position in labor and associated fetal heart rate changes. Obstet Gynecol 65:481–486PubMed

489.

Ellington C, Katz VL, Watson WJ, Spielman FJ (1991) The effect of lateral tilt on maternal and fetal hemodynamic variables. Obstet Gynecol 77:201–203PubMed

490.

Matorras R, Tacuri C, Nieto A et al (1998) Lack of benefits of left tilt in emergent cesarean sections: a randomized study of cardiotocography, cord acid-base status and other parameters of the mother and the fetus. J Perinat Med 26:284–292PubMed

491.

Kinsella SM, Whitwam JG, Spencer JA (1990) Aortic compression by the uterus: identification with the Finapres digital arterial pressure instrument. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 97:700–705PubMed

492.

Kundra P, Khanna S, Habeebullah S, Ravishankar M (2007) Manual displacement of the uterus during Caesarean section. Anaesthesia 62:460–465PubMed

493.

Amaro A, Capelli E, Cardoso M et al (1998) Manual left uterine displacement or modified Crawford‟s edge. A comparative study in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Rev Bras Anestesiol 48:99–104

494.

Kinsella SM (2003) Lateral tilt for pregnant women: why 15 degrees? Anaesthesia 58:835–836PubMed

495.

Goodwin AP, Pearce AJ (1992) The human wedge. A manoeuvre to relieve aortocaval compression during resuscitation in late pregnancy. Anaesthesia 47:433–434PubMed

496.

Rees GA, Willis BA (1988) Resuscitation in late pregnancy. Anaesthesia 43:347–349PubMed

497.

Jones SJ, Kinsella SM, Donald FA (2003) Comparison of measured and estimated angles of table tilt at Caesarean section. Br J Anaesth 90:86–87PubMed

498.

Johnson MD, Luppi CJ, Over DC (1998) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation. In: Gambling DR, Douglas MJ (Hrsg) Obstetric anesthesia and uncommon disorders. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, S 51–74

499.

Izci B, Vennelle M, Liston WA et al (2006) Sleep-disordered breathing and upper airway size in pregnancy and post-partum. Eur Respir J 27:321–327PubMed

500.

Rahman K, Jenkins JG (2005) Failed tracheal intubation in obstetrics: no more frequent but still managed badly. Anaesthesia 60:168–171PubMed

501.

Henderson JJ, Popat MT, Latto IP, Pearce AC (2004) Difficult Airway Society guidelines for management of the unanticipated difficult intubation. Anaesthesia 59:675–694PubMed

502.

Nanson J, Elcock D, Williams M, Deakin CD (2001) Do physiological changes in pregnancy change defibrillation energy requirements? Br J Anaesth 87:237–239PubMed

503.

Potts M, Prata N, Sahin-Hodoglugil NN (2010) Maternal mortality: one death every 7 min. Lancet 375:1762–1763PubMed

504.

Geoghegan J, Daniels JP, Moore PA et al (2009) Cell salvage at caesarean section: the need for an evidence-based approach. BJOG 116:743–747PubMed

505.

Bouwmeester FW, Bolte AC, Geijn HP van (2005) Pharmacological and surgical therapy for primary postpartum hemorrhage. Curr Pharm Des 11:759–773PubMed

506.

Hofmeyr GJ, Abdel-Aleem H, Abdel-Aleem MA (2008) Uterine massage for preventing postpartum haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD006431

507.

Sekhavat L, Tabatabaii A, Dalili M et al (2009) Efficacy of tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss after cesarean section. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 22:72–75PubMed

508.

Phillips LE, McLintock C, Pollock W et al (2009) Recombinant activated factor VII in obstetric hemorrhage: experiences from the Australian and New Zealand Haemostasis Registry. Anesth Analg 109:1908–1915PubMed

509.

Bomken C, Mathai S, Biss T et al (2009) Recombinant Activated Factor VII (rFVIIa) in the management of major obstetric haemorrhage: A case series and a proposed guideline for use. Obstet Gynecol Int 2009:364843PubMed

510.

Doumouchtsis SK, Papageorghiou AT, Vernier C, Arulkumaran S (2008) Management of postpartum hemorrhage by uterine balloon tamponade: prospective evaluation of effectiveness. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 87:849–855PubMed

511.

Georgiou C (2009) Balloon tamponade in the management of postpartum haemorrhage: a review. BJOG 116:748–757PubMed

512.

El-Hamamy E, C BL (2005) A worldwide review of the uses of the uterine compression suture techniques as alternative to hysterectomy in the management of severe post-partum haemorrhage. J Obstet Gynaecol 25:143–149PubMed

513.

Hong TM, Tseng HS, Lee RC et al (2004) Uterine artery embolization: an effective treatment for intractable obstetric haemorrhage. Clin Radiol 59:96–101PubMed

514.

Knight M (2007) Peripartum hysterectomy in the UK: management and outcomes of the associated haemorrhage. BJOG 114:1380–1387PubMed

515.

Rossi AC, Lee RH, Chmait RH (2010) Emergency postpartum hysterectomy for uncontrolled postpartum bleeding: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol 115:637–644PubMed

516.

Yu S, Pennisi JA, Moukhtar M, Friedman EA (1995) Placental abruption in association with advanced abdominal pregnancy. A case report. J Reprod Med 40:731–735PubMed

517.

Ray P, Murphy GJ, Shutt LE (2004) Recognition and management of maternal cardiac disease in pregnancy. Br J Anaesth 93:428–439PubMed

518.

Abbas AE, Lester SJ, Connolly H (2005) Pregnancy and the cardiovascular system. Int J Cardiol 98:179–189PubMed

519.

James AH, Jamison MG, Biswas MS et al (2006) Acute myocardial infarction in pregnancy: a United States population-based study. Circulation 113:1564–1571PubMed

520.

Ahearn GS, Hadjiliadis D, Govert JA, Tapson VF (2002) Massive pulmonary embolism during pregnancy successfully treated with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator: a case report and review of treatment options. Arch Intern Med 162:1221–1227PubMed

521.

Drenthen W, Pieper PG, Roos-Hesselink JW et al (2007) Outcome of pregnancy in women with congenital heart disease: a literature review. J Am Coll Cardiol 49:2303–2311PubMed

522.

Sibai B, Dekker G, Kupferminc M (2005) Pre-eclampsia. Lancet 365:785–799PubMed

523.

Sibai BM (2005) Diagnosis, prevention, and management of eclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 105:402–410PubMed

524.

Duley L, Gulmezoglu AM, Henderson-Smart DJ (2003) Magnesium sulphate and other anticonvulsants for women with pre-eclampsia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD000025

525.

Duley L, Henderson-Smart D (2003) Magnesium sulphate versus phenytoin for eclampsia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD000128

526.

Duley L, Henderson-Smart D (2003) Magnesium sulphate versus diazepam for eclampsia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD000127

527.

Knight M (2008) Antenatal pulmonary embolism: risk factors, management and outcomes. BJOG 115:453–461PubMed

528.

Dapprich M, Boessenecker W (2002) Fibrinolysis with alteplase in a pregnant woman with stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 13:290PubMed

529.

Turrentine MA, Braems G, Ramirez MM (1995) Use of thrombolytics for the treatment of thromboembolic disease during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Surv 50:534–541PubMed

530.

Thabut G, Thabut D, Myers RP et al (2002) Thrombolytic therapy of pulmonary embolism: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 40:1660–1667PubMed

531.

Patel RK, Fasan O, Arya R (2003) Thrombolysis in pregnancy. Thromb Haemost 90:1216–1217PubMed

532.

Conde-Agudelo A, Romero R (2009) Amniotic fluid embolism: an evidence-based review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 201:445 e1–e13PubMed

533.

Knight M, Tuffnell D, Brocklehurst P et al (2010) Incidence and risk factors for amniotic-fluid embolism. Obstet Gynecol 115:910–917PubMed

534.

Stanten RD, Iverson LI, Daugharty TM et al (2003) Amniotic fluid embolism causing catastrophic pulmonary vasoconstriction: diagnosis by transesophageal echocardiogram and treatment by cardiopulmonary bypass. Obstet Gynecol 102:496–498PubMed

535.

Katz VL, Dotters DJ, Droegemueller W (1986) Perimortem cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol 68:571–576PubMed

536.

(o A) (2000) American Heart Association in collaboration with International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. Guidelines 2000 for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation 102(Suppl):I1-I384

537.

Chapter 4; Part 6: Cardiac arrest associated with pregnancy. In: Cummins R, Hazinski M, Field J (Hrsg) ACLS-The reference textbook. Dallas: American Heart Association;2003:143–158

538.

Katz V, Balderston K, DeFreest M (2005) Perimortem cesarean delivery: were our assumptions correct? Am J Obstet Gynecol 192:1916–1920; discussion 20–21PubMed

539.

Oates S, Williams GL, Rees GA (1988) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in late pregnancy. BMJ 297:404–405PubMed

540.

Strong THJ, Lowe RA (1989) Perimortem cesarean section. Am J Emerg Med 7:489–494PubMed

541.

Boyd R, Teece S (2002) Towards evidence based emergency medicine: best BETs from the Manchester Royal Infirmary. Perimortem caesarean section. Emerg Med J 19:324–325PubMed

542.

Dijkman A, Huisman CM, Smit M et al (2010) Cardiac arrest in pregnancy: increasing use of perimortem caesarean section due to emergency skills training? BJOG 117:282–287PubMed

543.

Allen MC, Donohue PK, Dusman AE (1993) The limit of viability – neonatal outcome of infants born at 22 to 25 weeks‘ gestation. N Engl J Med 329:1597–1601PubMed

544.

Moore C, Promes SB (2004) Ultrasound in pregnancy. Emerg Med Clin North Am 22:697–722PubMed

545.

Natale A, Davidson T, Geiger MJ, Newby K (1997) Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and pregnancy: a safe combination? Circulation 96:2808–2812PubMed

546.

Siassakos D, Crofts JF, Winter C et al (2009) The active components of effective training in obstetric emergencies. BJOG 116:1028–1032PubMed

547.

Budnick LD (1984) Bathtub-related electrocutions in the United States, 1979 to 1982. JAMA 252:918–920PubMed

548.

(o A) (1998) Lightning-associated deaths – United States, 1980–1995. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 47:391–394

549.

Geddes LA, Bourland JD, Ford G (1986) The mechanism underlying sudden death from electric shock. Med Instrum 20:303–315PubMed

550.

Zafren K, Durrer B, Herry JP, Brugger H (2005) Lightning injuries: prevention and on-site treatment in mountains and remote areas. Official guidelines of the International Commission for Mountain Emergency Medicine and the Medical Commission of the International Mountaineering and Climbing Federation (ICAR and UIAA MEDCOM). Resuscitation 65:369–372PubMed

551.

Cherington M (1995) Lightning injuries. Ann Emerg Med 25:517–519PubMed

552.

Fahmy FS, Brinsden MD, Smith J, Frame JD (1999) Lightning: the multisystem group injuries. J Trauma 46:937–940PubMed

553.

Patten BM (1992) Lightning and electrical injuries. Neurol Clin 10:1047–1058PubMed

554.

Browne BJ, Gaasch WR (1992) Electrical injuries and lightning. Emerg Med Clin North Am 10:211–229PubMed

555.

Kleiner JP, Wilkin JH (1978) Cardiac effects of lightning stroke. JAMA 240:2757–2759PubMed

556.

Lichtenberg R, Dries D, Ward K et al (1993) Cardiovascular effects of lightning strikes. J Am Coll Cardiol 21:531–536PubMed

557.

Cooper MA (1995) Emergent care of lightning and electrical injuries. Semin Neurol 15:268–278PubMed

558.

Milzman DP, Moskowitz L, Hardel M (1999) Lightning strikes at a mass gathering. South Med J 92:708–710PubMed

559.

Cooper MA (1980) Lightning injuries: prognostic signs for death. Ann Emerg Med 9:134–138PubMed

560.

Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK (1995) Neuropathology of lightning-strike injuries. Semin Neurol 15:323–328. 116PubMed

561.

Stewart CE (2000) When lightning strikes. Emerg Med Serv 29:57–67; quiz 103PubMed

562.

Duclos PJ, Sanderson LM (1990) An epidemiological description of lightning-related deaths in the United States. Int J Epidemiol 19:673–679PubMed

563.

Epperly TD, Stewart JR (1989) The physical effects of lightning injury. J Fam Pract 29:267–272PubMed

564.

Whitcomb D, Martinez JA, Daberkow D (2002) Lightning injuries. South Med J 95:1331–1334PubMed

565.

Goldman RD, Einarson A, Koren G (2003) Electric shock during pregnancy. Can Fam Physician 49:297–298PubMed

566.

Rittenberger JC, Kelly E, Jang D et al. (2008) Successful outcome utilizing hypothermia after cardiac arrest in pregnancy: a case report. Crit Care Med 36: 1354–1356PubMed

Springerpflege

Kreislaufstillstand unter besonderen Umständen: Elektrolytstörungen, Vergiftungen, Ertrinken, Unterkühlung, Hitzekrankheit, Asthma, Anaphylaxie, Herzchirurgie, Trauma, Schwangerschaft, Stromunfall

Sektion 8 der Leitlinien zur Reanimation 2010 des European Resuscitation Council

Auszug

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 7/2010

Ethik der Reanimation und Entscheidungen am Lebensende

?Hauptsache heftige Herzmassage?

Versorgung und Reanimation des Neugeborenen

Vorwort

Unterrichtsprinzipien zur Wiederbelebung

Basismaßnahmen zur Wiederbelebung Erwachsener und Verwendung automatisierter externer Defibrillatoren