Evaluation and revision of core postoperative nursing outcomes for laryngeal carcinoma in China

The most commonly used core postoperative nursing outcomes for patients with laryngeal carcinoma were identified from the 75 core nursing outcomes included in the “Core Nursing Outcomes for Otorhinolaryngology Head-Neck” using a questionnaire. The self-defined questionnaire was applied as an assessment tool, and information regarding the degrees of use of core nursing outcomes were collected. The degree of use of nursing outcomes were assessed on a 0–100% time scale that represented the percentage of time used for this outcome in care. A nursing outcome was selected as one of the core nursing outcomes if more than 50% of the time was spent, and it was reported by nurses at all 10 centers [13]. Following this, the indicators of each nursing outcome were screened, and then revised alongside their related indicators, through expert consultation using the Delphi expert consultation method [13].

The screening process refers to the approach of identifying the core nursing outcomes of the NOC, which is based on their degree of use. A total of 130 nurses in otorhinolaryngology from 10 hospitals (grade IIIA) in Shanxi, Beijing, Tianjin, Liaoning, and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region were selected using a convenience sampling approach. The inclusion criteria was a nurse practitioner that has at least 2 years of clinical nursing experience in otolaryngology head and neck surgery. Considering the cultural divergence and differences in habits between China and US, the current study refers to the criteria of Liu et al., which divided the frequency of use into 5 grades: never use, rarely use (< 1 time/week), less use (1 time/week), more use (several times/week), and often use (several times/week) [14].

The field investigation took place at hospitals in Shanxi province; first, the research term contacted the department of otolaryngology, and then the field investigation was conducted with nurses. The questionnaire was filled out and collected after the researcher introduced the purpose of the survey and explained the method for filling it out. The investigation approach in Beijing, Tianjin, Liaoning, and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region was to make contact through the department of otolaryngology via telephone, E-mail, or other forms of communication; following this, the questionnaires were sent to a controller and details of the purpose of the survey and the method for filling it out were clarified. After this, the controller organized all the selected nurses for field investigation, and all of the questionnaires were recycled by mail or scanned and sent electronically.

The NOC indicated that the core nursing outcomes consist of a variable number of care indicators, and the score of each outcome was defined as the sum of the scores of the indicators. The researcher assessed the outcome of patients based on various selected indicators or one single indicator, depending on the actual situation. The most commonly used core nursing outcomes for postoperative care of laryngeal carcinoma were already identified in the first step. We adopted the expert group method to screen the specific indicators based on the need to use them in the actual evaluation, due to the fact that there was duplication across the indicators. The group was set up and involved six experts, which consisted of 1 director and doctoral supervisor of otolaryngology head and neck surgery, 2 master’s supervisors, 1 deputy director and master’s supervisor in the nursing department, and 2 head nurses. The age of the experts ranged from 36 to 58 years old, their educational background was higher than the graduate level, and their title was higher than an associate senior. The team members evaluated 314 evaluation indicators “back to back”, and only two opinions were given for each indicator. After this, the results were summarized and discussed. The indicator was selected if more than 4 members agreed, and was deleted if less than 2 members agreed. If the indicator was agreed by 2–4 members, and the group discussion was performed by 6 experts. The indicator was selected when ≥4 of experts was agreed.

The initially screened core nursing outcomes and related indicators were revised using the Delphi expert consultation method owing to the cultural divergence and differences in habits between China and US. The improved Delphi method of expert consultation was then applied to this study, and the number of consultations was terminated once an expert opinion was reached [13]. The results of expert consultation were analyzed using the expert positive coefficient, the degree of expert authority, the coordination degree of experts’ opinion, and the expert opinion concentration degree. The detailed process is listed as follows: (1) Selection of the experts: for the purpose of this study, the selection criteria for experts included having been engaged in clinical nursing or medical practice in the field of otolaryngology, with more than 10 years of work experience, a level of education greater than a bachelor’s degree, intermediate or more senior professional titles, volunteering to participate in the consultation, and filling out and providing feedback on the questionnaire in a timely manner. The number of experts that were consulted in the Delphi method always ranged from 12 to 30 [15]. In this study, a total of 20 nurse specialists from grade A hospitals were selected; (2) Expert consultation questionnaire: The Delphi expert consultation questionnaire was created based on the consultation table of postoperative core nursing outcomes for patients with laryngeal carcinoma. Each core nursing outcome and its related indicator was graded using a 5 point Likert scale (5: very important; 4: important; 3: general; 2: unimportant; and 1: very unimportant). The experts could list any modification, supplementary information, or other comments in the column of revised opinion, including additional items or other opinions. Moreover, the general characteristics of experts, their familiarity, and any potential impact factors were also summarized in the Expert self-assessment table; (3) Expert consultation process: Two rounds of expert consultations were conducted for the purpose of this study via E-mail. The duration of each round of consultation was 2 weeks, and reminders were sent to the experts after 1 week. The degree of completion of the questionnaire was checked after receiving an expert’s reply. Each expert was requested to complete any part of the questionnaire that was left unanswered. Statistical analysis and sorting was conducted after each round of questionnaire collection, and, then, the summarized results were fed back to the experts once the next round of the questionnaire had been issued; the consultation was completed if an agreement of opinion was reached among the experts.

All collected data were independently entered into Excel by 2 researchers, and any conflicts between the researchers was settled by an additional researcher who referred to the original questionnaire. The general characteristics of sex, age, years of work experience, educational background, position, and professional title were presented as frequency, proportion, mean, and standard deviation. The core nursing outcomes and related indicators were assessed using the mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation. All of analyses in this study were conducted using version 17.0 of the IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows.

A total of 130 questionnaires were sent out and 93 were recovered, resulting in a 71.5% recovery rate. The use degree of 75 core nursing outcomes in “Core Nursing Outcomes for Otorhinolaryngology Head-Neck” was assessed using the following frequencies: never use, rarely use (< 1 time/week), less use (1 time/week), more use (several times/week), and often use (several times/week). By referring to the relationship between the sample size and the number of variables in the scale formulation, the first 18 core nursing outcomes with high scores (93/5 = 18.6) were obtained as the initial results (Table 1). A total of 129 indicators were identified among the 314 indicators related to the 18 core nursing outcomes, which then constituted the content of the Delphi expert consultation questionnaire.

The general characteristics of the selected experts are presented in Table 2. The effective questionnaire recovery rate could reflect the degree of experts’ enthusiasm and their concern for this topic. All 20 experts responded to two rounds of expert consultation, and the effective questionnaire recovery rate was 100%, which suggested that the expert positive coefficient was high in this study. The degree of expert authority was measured by judgment (Ca) and expert familiarity (Cs), Cr = (Ca + Cs)/2. The degree of expert authority was between 0.70–0.95, and the overall expert authority degree was 0.805, which suggested that the experts were highly authoritative in this study (Table 3). The Kendall’s W value was applied to assess the coordination degree of expert opinion, and the W value ranged from 0 to 1. The W value was 1 and thus indicated the highest possible degree of coordination of expert opinion. The Kendall’s W was 0.11 and 0.77 in the two rounds of expert consultation, and significant results were detected, which indicated that the results were credible (Table 4). The degree of expert opinion concentration was presented as the mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation. The high degree of expert opinion concentration was considered large mean, small standard deviation, and coefficient of variation. The mean value of the coefficient of variation for each item gradually decreased after two rounds of consultation. The coefficient of variation of the overall importance in the first round of expert consultation was 0.14, while it was 0.11 in the second round of expert consultation (Table 5).

The screening criteria for the core nursing outcomes in this study was the mean value of items being more than 4.0. The overall index score less than - S was considered as a deleted criterion for level 2 items. In the first round of expert consultation, all 18 core nursing outcomes were retained in accordance with the inclusion criteria (Table 1). Eight experts proposed that “Respiratory Status” should be retained in the outcomes of Respiratory Status”, “Respiratory Status: Airway Patency”, and “Respiratory Status: Ventilation” because of the repeatability of the evaluation indicators. Six experts suggested removing either “Smoking Cessation Behavior” or “Risk Control: Smoking”. Two experts mentioned that “Nutritional Status: Biochemical Measures” should be removed because of the large number of items in routine laboratory examinations after laryngeal carcinoma surgery. After this, the 18 core nursing outcomes were adjusted to 14 after excluding “Respiratory Status: Airway Patency”, “Respiratory Status: Ventilation”, “Risk Control: Smoking”, and “Nutritional Status: Biochemical Measures”. Two experts suggested changing the definition of “Smoking Cessation Behavior” from “Personal actions to eliminate tobacco use” into “Individual measures taken to quit smoking”. For “Knowledge: Infection Management”, the definition of the “Extent of understanding conveyed regarding infection” was changed into “Knowledge of infection prevention and control”. For the outcome of “Vital Signs”, experts suggested using 080201 body temperature, 080203 pulse, 080204 respiration, 080205 systolic blood pressure, and 080206 diastolic blood pressure. For the outcome of “Respiratory Status”, the indicators of “041503 Depth of inspiration”, “040329 Asymmetrical chest expansion”, “040333 Distorted voice sounds on auscultation”, and “040334 Atelectasis” were deleted owing to a score of less than 4. Meanwhile, the experts also suggested adding the indicator of “040330 Impaired vocalization” into the outcome of “Communication”. For the outcome of “Communication”, the indicator of “090205 Use non-verbal language” was removed owing to the score of less than 4. One expert combined “090201 Use of written language”, “090203 Use of pictures and drawings”, and “090204 Use of sign language” into one indicator. Five experts proposed adding the indicator of “101302 Changes in voice quality” in “Swallowing condition” into the “Communication”. According to experts’ suggestions, we adjusted the indicator of “090201 Use of written language” to “Use of written words, pictures, or symbols”, while also adding “Impaired vocalization” and “Changes in voice quality”. For the outcome of “Nutritional Status”, experts indicated the intake of nutrients should include food and liquid intake, resulting in the indicators of “100402 Food intake” and “100408 Liquid intake” being deleted (owing to a score of less than 4). The indicator of “110,103 Elasticity” in the outcome of “Tissue Integrity: Skin and Mucous Membranes” was excluded. The indicator of “130013 Reports sense of life being worth living” in the outcome of “Acceptance: Health Status” was removed, and the outcome of “Adapt to Physical Disabilities” was added into “Acceptance: State of Health”. However, we retained “Adapt to Physical Disabilities” as a core nursing outcome based on the definition of outcomes and indicators; the indicator of “130803 Adapts to functional limitations” was selected and entered in the second round of expert consultation. For the outcome of “Knowledge: Infection Management”, the indicators of “184206 Monitoring procedures for infection”, “184208 Action to increase resistance to infection”, “184210 Follow-up for diagnose infection”, “184211 Signs and symptoms for exacerbation of infection”, and “184221 Influences of nutrition on infection” were excluded. For the outcome of “Smoking Cessation Behavior”, the indications of “162501 Express willingness to stop smoking”, “162503 Identifies benefits of smoking cessation”, “162514 Obtains assistance from health professional”, “162516 Uses reputable sources of information”, “162521 Uses prescription medication as recommended”, “162522 Uses non-prescription medications as recommended”, “162518 Uses alternative therapies”, “162524 Uses available community resources”, “162525 Participates in counseling” should have been removed owing to scores of less than 4. Finally, the indicator of “191806 Selects foods or drinks of proper texture” in the outcome of “Aspiration Preventing” was excluded.

In the second round of expert consultation, the approval rate for the 14 identified core nursing outcomes was 100%, and the score for each outcome was greater than 4 (Table 6). All indicators in the 14 identified core nursing outcomes were greater than - S, and were thus retained (Supplemental 1). After two rounds of expert consultation, a total of 14 core nursing outcomes, containing a total of 69 indicators, were identified, which involved the following 4 fields: “Physiologic Health”, “Psychosocial Health”, “Health Knowledge & Behavior”, and “Perceived Health” (Table 6).

The initial screening method for core nursing outcomes in this study referred to the Center for Nursing Classification of the College of Nursing at the University of Iowa through the use of outcomes by nurses in the field of “Core Nursing Outcomes for Otorhinolaryngology Head-Neck”, which consists of 75 core nursing outcomes [11]. Although the evaluation and revision of the NOC in other fields has already been illustrated, there was no study revision of the NOC in otolaryngology head and neck surgery in China [16‐19]. The current study used the otolaryngology clinical specialty nurses as respondents, as they are the main implementers of nursing measures and could directly evaluate the effect of nursing intervention. However, we found that some clinical front-line nurses were not familiar with the nursing outcomes, and there were still doubts about the names and definitions of outcomes, which required further explanation by researchers. This indicated that the NOC was not promoted or popularized in China, in contrast to the perfect NOC databases that have been established in many other countries. The potential reason for this could be related to the lack of managerial support, personnel training, and information technology of NOC in China [20]. The results of this study could promote the cognition and understanding of NOC among nursing staff in China.

The results of this study involved 14 core nursing outcomes, 8 in the domain of “Physiologic Health”, 2 in the domain of “Psychosocial Health”, 3 in the domain of “Health Knowledge & Behavior”, and the remaining 1 in the domain of “Perceived Health”, which could comprehensively highlight the nursing problems and intervention directions for patients after surgery. Firstly, the outcomes in “Physiologic Health” were most important for patients after surgery, including postoperative respiratory tract management, eating, swallowing, pronunciation, infection management, and pain control. Secondly, for the domain of “Psychosocial Health”, the patients’ pronunciation and appearance could be affected by laryngeal surgery, which could cause great difficulties for interpersonal communication and social adaption. Moreover, postoperative anxiety, depression, and social adaptation were also common, and could affect the prognosis for patients after laryngeal surgery [21]. The outcomes of “Acceptance: Health Status”, “Will to Live”, and “Adaptation to Physical Disabilities” could reflect the results of psychological nursing intervention. Thirdly, in the domain of “Health Knowledge & Behavior”, the acquisition of patients’ health knowledge and behavior could improve the promotion of health and health education, which could affect patients’ postoperative self-management ability, rehabilitation level, and quality of life. Postoperative respiratory tract infection, eating cough, and aspiration are the most common complications in patients after laryngeal surgery. Moreover, some serious complications, such as tube removal, were associated with an increased risk of mortality, which require patients or family caregivers to have adequate recognition and emergency treatment ability. Furthermore, smoking is significantly associated with the progression and prognosis of laryngeal carcinoma, and should be stopped to improve the nursing outcome after surgery [22]. In addition, the nursing of tracheal cannula, oral care, and knowledge of pronunciation was also important for patients, although no related core nursing outcome was eligible in this study. One potential reason for this could be the nurses’ inadequate understanding of the definition of “Knowledge: Treatment Procedure” during the initial screening process. Finally, for the domain of “Perceived Health”, postoperative pain is the most common symptom of patients after surgery, and should thus be considered the focus of nursing. These results suggest that nursing care for patients after laryngeal surgery should focus on the maintenance of physiological functions and health education, as well as enhancing the intervention and evaluation of patients’ psychological disorders.

The 75 Core nursing outcomes in the NOC were 100% used in the “Core Nursing Outcomes for Otorhinolaryngology Head-Neck”, as identified by the Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Nurses Association. Considering the cultural divergence and differences in habits between China and US, each indicator in self-defined questionnaire was divided the frequency of use into 5 grades: never use, rarely use (< 1 time/week), less use (1 time/week), more use (several times/week), and often use (several times/week) [14]. Moreover, all of initially screened core nursing outcomes and related indicators were revised using the Delphi expert consultation method [13]. When surveying 93 otolaryngology nurses, this study found no core nursing outcome with score rate of 100%; the top five outcomes were “Communication”, “Nutritional Status”, “Swallowing Condition: Pharyngeal Phase”, “Respiratory Status: Airway Patency”, and “Respiratory Status: Ventilation”. The above nursing outcomes could reflect the physiological functions of the larynx being affected by surgery, including pronunciation, swallowing, and breathing. A preventive tracheotomy should be applied to prevent breathing difficulties caused by local swelling and blood flowing into the respiratory tract for patients after a laryngectomy. Airway management, nutritional support, and oral care should also be considered key nursing points for patients after surgery, to prevent respiratory tract infection, cough, use nasogastric, and inability to make sounds [21]. The outcomes of “Respiratory Status”, “Nutritional Status”, “Swallowing Condition”, and “Communication” were related to the above nursing outcomes, and should be regarded as the most common nursing outcomes. The outcome of “Vital Signs” was widely used in clinical practice, although it did not get full marks in our study. A potential reason for this could be that the specialty of “Vital Signs” was not strong, and received inadequate attention from clinical nurses. Of the top 18 core nursing outcomes, 10 outcomes related to “Physiologic Health”, 3 outcomes related to “Psychosocial Health”, 4 outcomes related to “Health Knowledge & Behavior”, and 1 outcome related to “Perceived Health”. The core nursing outcomes from the NOC’s “Core Nursing Outcomes for Otorhinolaryngology Head-Neck” involved six health fields, while the outcomes of community health and functional health fields were not included in this study. The reason for this could explained by: (1) the score of community health being lower than expected because nurses in our study did not contact with the nursing outcomes in the community health field; and (2) the indicators of “out of bed activity”, “gait”, “activity endurance”, and “activity level” in the functional health field were not commonly used for patients recovering from laryngeal surgery.