Background
Gastric cancer (GC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death, implicated for almost 800,000 deaths every year [1]. Radical gastrectomy is widely considered the optimal therapy for GC. Postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) occur in 18.1% of gastric cancer patients [2]. PPCs are the major causes of poor prognosis pulmonary resection patients, and can increase intensive care unit (ICU) admission and prolong the length of hospital stay [3]. In recent years, deliberate efforts have been made to decrease the incidence of PPCs. Unfortunately, the management of these complications is still challenging. The current postoperative management involves monitoring patient behaviors, lifestyle adjustment, and coordinated multidisciplinary care over the perioperative period.
Although numerous methods for reducing PPCs have been proposed, the contribution of oncology nurse navigators (ONNs) in reducing PPCs has not been reported. In 2017, the Oncology Nursing Society defined ONN as “a professional RN with oncology-specific clinical knowledge who offers individualized assistance to patients, families, and caregivers, participating in overcoming the healthcare system barriers”. Regarding cancer, an ONN attends to patients’ needs (education, economic, medical, and psychosocial care, etc.) and provides critical information required for decision making in all phases of the cancer continuum [4].
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Numerous ONNs and oncology studies in different centers are currently available. For example, in Turkey, the nurse navigation program significantly promoted participation behaviors and improved health-related beliefs concerning colorectal cancer screening [5]. Another study performed in Chicago and Texas showed that enhanced patient navigator assistance improves health-related quality of life among colorectal cancer survivors [6]. In breast cancer patients, the navigation program eased the treatment process and care coordination and ensured patients received high quality care [7]. Also, ONN significantly decreased the 30-day heart failure readmission rate and increased education and follow-up among heart failure patients [8]. An IBD-centered gastroenterology clinic revealed that incorporating a nurse navigator improved patient satisfaction, increased research participation, and decreased no-show rates [9].
The highlighted evidence shows that managing PPCs can reduce the length of hospital stay and mortality rates in cancer patients, which was the focus of this study. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of navigation programs on the incidence and severity of PPCs in gastric cancer patients undergoing radical gastrectomy. We hypothesized that navigation intervention significantly lowers the incidence and severity of PPCs.
Materials and methods
Subjects and study design
This was a retrospective study conducted in adult GC patients who underwent radical gastrectomy in GC center of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University. Records for GC patients seeking treatment at our center between August 2020 and January 2022. The ONN group comprised patients who received navigation care from August 2021 to January 2022, whereas the non-ONN group comprised patients who underwent the existing care from August 2020 to January 2021.
Subjects were enrolled using cluster sampling. The inclusion criteria were: (I) adult GC patients; (II) patients underwent elective radical gastrectomy; and (III) patients provided written informed consent. The exclusion criteria were: (I) patients with a diagnosis of gastric stromal tumor; (II) patients with cognitive impairment, unable to complete the training requirements; (III) patients with baseline demographics data or PPCs data missing or (IV) Patients who received radical gastrectomy during the training period (February 2021 to July 2021).
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Role of ONN
The ONN received extensive training before the commencement of the postoperative care of GC patients who received radical gastrectomy.
The interventions for managing PPCs are summarized in Fig. 1. The ONN focused on patient contact and education regarding respiratory training before admission. During the hospital stay, ONN oriented and educated the patients and advised on urgent referrals and urgent access, and coordinated clinical care and, psychosocial support. After discharge, electronic data over the follow-up period was analyzed.
Fig. 1
Interventions for managing PPCs in gastric cancer patients after radical gastrectomy
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Outcome
The primary outcome assessed among the GC patients after radical gastrectomy was the incidence of PPCs within the hospital stay period. The PPCs were defined according to the European Society of Anesthesiology (ESA) and the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM) guidelines. PPCs included respiratory infection, respiratory failure, pleural effusion, atelectasis, pneumothorax, bronchospasm, and aspiration pneumonitis [10]. Additional outcomes included the severity score and incidence of major pulmonary complications (grade ≥ 3).
Data collection
Collection instrument in this study was a self-made questionnaire with the research variables. The items formulated through panel discussion and consultation with five GC specialist nurses and two GC specialist surgeons. The validated questionnaire revealed an adequate internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.88), and the content validity index was 0.91.
Data in the electronic database included age, gender, type of surgery (laparoscopy or laparotomy), length of the hospital stay, and ICU admission was collected. The patients’ disease history, inspection report, laboratory blood test report, and temperature chart were assessed to ascertain the accuracy of the reported PPCs. All the data was exported to an electronic file for analysis.
Statistical analysis
Continuous normally distributed variables were presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Median (interquartile range) was used for the non-normally distributed data, whereas categorical variables were presented as numbers and percentages. The median was used in place of missing data.
Cronbach’s alpha and content validity index were calculated for internal consistency and content validity of the questionnaire. Differences between the two groups for categorical variables were analyzed using the chi-square test, whereas the t-test or Mann-Whitney U test was used for continuous variables. The difference in the incidence and severity of PPCs (including composites of PPCs) between the two groups were analyzed using the chi-square or Fisher exact tests. The correlation between the ONN program and the incidences of PPCs was evaluated using logistic regression analysis.
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The data were analyzed using the SPSS software, V. 26.0 (SPSS Inc., IBM Corp., Chicago, IL, USA). Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.
Results
Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the study participants
A total of 893 GC patients were enrolled in this study, in which 432 patients received treatment in the hospital before hiring nurse navigator. Of these, 297(68.8%) were male, whereas 135(31.2%) were female. A total of 461 study participants comprising 323(70.1%) males and 138(29.9%) females, were cared for bynurse navigator from the day of reporting in the hospital. There were no significant differences in age, gender, smoking history, critical GC, surgery type, surgery time and postoperative hospital stay between the two groups. However, the rate of laparoscopic surgery was higher in the ONN group than in the non-ONN group (27.8% vs. 13.0%, p < 0.001). Before admission, the radiotherapy/chemotherapy rate was lower in the ONN group than in the non-ONN group (6.1% vs. 9.7%, p = 0.043) (Table 1).
Table 1
Demographics and clinical characteristics of the study participants
Variables | Non-ONN group (n = 432) | ONN group (n = 461) | t/χ2 | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (year) | 62.65\(\pm\)10.62 | 63.22\(\pm\)11.66 | -0.776 | 0.444 |
Gender (%) | 0.182 | 0.670 | ||
Male | 297(68.8) | 323(70.1) | ||
Female | 135(31.2) | 138(29.9) | ||
Smoking status | 2.166 | 0.337 | ||
Never smoked | 181(41.9) | 201(43.6) | ||
former smoker | 156(36.1) | 146(31.7) | ||
Active smoker | 95(22.0) | 114(24.7) | ||
Family history of GC | 4.647 | 0.031 | ||
Yes | 58(13.4) | 41(8.9) | ||
No | 374(86.6) | 420(91.1) | ||
History of pulmonary disease | ||||
COPD | 42(9.7) | 34(7.4) | 1.578 | 0.231 |
Asthma | 16(3.7) | 22(4.8) | 0.625 | 0.508 |
Pulmonary infection | 28(6.5) | 30(6.5) | 0.000 | 1.000 |
Others | 16(3.7) | 13(2.8) | 0.554 | 0.572 |
Laparoscopic surgery | 29.872 | < 0.001 | ||
Yes | 56(13.0) | 128(27.8) | ||
No | 376(87.0) | 333(72.2) | ||
Critical GC | 0.003 | 0.959 | ||
Yes | 38(8.8) | 41(8.9) | ||
No | 394(91.2) | 420(91.1) | ||
Radiotherapy/chemotherapy before admission | 4.109 | 0.043 | ||
Yes | 42(9.7) | 28(6.1) | ||
No | 390(90.3) | 433(93.9) | ||
Scope of surgery | 7.076 | 0.070 | ||
total gastrectomy | 191(44.2) | 175(38.0) | ||
distal gastrectomy | 189(43.8) | 238(51.6) | ||
proximal gastrectomy | 25(5.8) | 29(6.3) | ||
others | 27(6.3) | 19(4.1) | ||
Anastomotic methods | 52.952 | < 0.001 | ||
Bills I Bills II | 111(25.7) 41(9.5) | 99(21.5) 16(3.5) | ||
Bills II + Braun | 43(10.0) | 122(26.5) | ||
R-Y | 204(47.2) | 177(38.4) | ||
Others | 33(7.6) | 47(10.2) | ||
Surgery time(min) | 175.24\(\pm\)68.02 | 180.60\(\pm\)83.14 | -0.925 | 0.355 |
Postoperative hospital stay | 8.47\(\pm\)3.22 | 8.10\(\pm\)3.15 | 1.744 | 0.082 |
Incidence of PPCs
PPCs occurred in 65 of 432 (15.0%) and 45 of 461 (9.8%) patients in the non-ONN and ONN groups, respectively (p = 0.016). The incidences of PPCs, including pleural effusion (11.3% vs. 8.5%, p = 0.149), atelectasis (7.2% vs. 6.1%, p = 0.508), respiratory infection (2.3% vs. 1.1%, p = 0.195), and pneumothorax (0.2% vs. 0.9%, p = 0.375) were comparable between the two groups. Respiratory failure, bronchospasm, or aspiration pneumonitis were not observed among patients in either group (Table 2). Logistic regression analysis revealed a significant difference in PPCs between the two groups showed (OR = 2.532(95%CI: 1.087–3.378, P = 0.045)). Further analyses revealed that anastomotic methods and late-stage GC increase the risk of developing PPCs (Table 3).
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Table 2
The incidence of PPCs in the two study groups
Variables | Non-ONN group(n = 432) | ONN group (n = 461) | χ2 | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
PPC | 65(15.0) | 45(9.8) | 5.767 | 0.016 |
pleural effusion | 49(11.3) | 39(8.5) | 2.086 | 0.149 |
atelectasis | 31(7.2) | 28(6.1) | 0.439 | 0.508 |
respiratory infection | 10(2.3) | 5(1.1) | 2.044 | 0.195 |
pneumothorax | 1(0.2) | 4(0.9) | 1.621 | 0.375 |
respiratory failure | 0 | 0 | -- | -- |
bronchospasm | 0 | 0 | -- | -- |
aspiration pneumonitis | 0 | 0 | -- | -- |
Number of PPCs | 6.385 | 0.089 | ||
0 | 367(85.0) | 416(90.2) | ||
1 | 22(5.1) | 17(3.7) | ||
2 | 39(9.0) | 24(5.2) | ||
≥ 3 | 4(0.9) | 4(0.9) |
Table 3
The correlation between nurse navigators’ care and the development of PPCs
Variables | S.E. | Exp(B) | 95% Confidence Interval | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | ||||
Age | 0.010 | 0.992 | 0.973 | 1.012 | 0.444 |
Sex | 0.348 | 1.136 | 0.575 | 2.247 | 0.713 |
Smoking | 0.321 | 0.787 | 0.419 | 1.476 | 0.455 |
Family history of GC | 0.351 | 0.917 | 0.461 | 1.822 | 0.804 |
Laparoscopic surgery | 0.333 | 0.763 | 0.397 | 1.466 | 0.417 |
Anastomotic methods | < 0.001 | ||||
Bills I | 0.565 | 0.751 | 0.248 | 2.271 | 0.612 |
Bills II | 0.494 | 1.258 | 0.478 | 3.313 | 0.642 |
Bills II + Braun | 0.324 | 0.299 | 0.158 | 0.564 | < 0.001 |
R-Y | 0.434 | 0.328 | 0.140 | 0.769 | 0.010 |
Radiotherapy/chemotherapy before admission | 0.361 | 1.057 | 0.521 | 2.146 | 0.878 |
Critical GC | 0.277 | 0.198 | 0.115 | 0.341 | < 0.001 |
Navigation | 0.224 | 2.532 | 1.087 | 3.378 | 0.045 |
Severity of PPCs
There were significantly more severe PPCs in the non-ONN group than in the ONN group (p = 0.020) (Table 4; Fig. 2). Although the incidence of major pulmonary complications (grade ≥ 3) was higher in the non-ONN group than in the ONN group (2.1% vs. 1.1%), the differences were not significant (p = 0.286).
Table 4
Severity score of PPCs
Variables | Non-ONN group(n = 432) | ONN group (n = 461) | χ2 | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
PPCs severity score | 10.635 | 0.020 | ||
Grade 0 | 367(85.0) | 416(90.2) | ||
Grade 1 | 24(5.6) | 9(2.0) | ||
Grade 2 | 32(7.4) | 31(6.7) | ||
Grade 3 | 8(1.9) | 5(1.1) | ||
Grade 4 | 1(0.2) | 0 | ||
Grade 5 | 0 | 0 | ||
PPCs grade ≥ 2 | 41(9.5) | 36(7.8) | 0.800 | 0.405 |
PPCs grade ≥ 3 | 9(2.1) | 5(1.1) | 1.442 | 0.286 |
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Fig. 2
Severity score of PPCs between the two groups
(Grade 0: no symptoms or signals for PPCs; Grades 1 to 4: successively worse forms of complications; Grade 5: death before hospital discharge)
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Discussion
In this study, we investigated the impact of ONN on the clinical outcome of GC patients after radical gastrectomy. PPCs were the primary outcomes assessed. We found that incorporating ONN in the care and treatment program significantly lowered the incidence and severity of PPCs among GC patients. However, ONN had no effect on the development of major pulmonary complications (grade\(\ge\)3), and components of PPCs among GC patients.
Hospitals and nurses are increasingly motivated to develop creative programs that improve the quality of clinical care. In surgical patients, PPCs management represents an important challenge in this field. PPCs are the leading cause of poor surgical outcomes, adversely influence surgical mortality, and significantly increases hospital stay and costs [11]. Recent evidence shows that the majority of patients undergoing abdominal surgery is pre-frail or frail [12, 13], and frail patients have multi-organ problems, associated with higher rates of adverse outcomes [14]. Functional frailty, such as respiratory muscle frailty, is an independent prognostic risk factor for PPCs [15]. However, there is no standard approach for managing PPCs in GC patients after radical gastrectomy. In recent years, the demand for ONN for cancer patients continues to increase [16]. Meanwhile, ONN improves the quality of care and treatment of mainly critical patients [17]. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the beneficial effect of ONN, particularly in managing PPCs outcomes, as evidenced by the lower incidence and severity score of pulmonary complications.
The impact of navigation interventions is inconclusive. For instance, in his study, Green et al. revealed that navigation did not increase colonoscopy completion after a positive screening test within six months [18]. In contrast, Wang et al. reported that navigation breast oncology screening enhanced patients’ knowledge of disease and treatment compliance [19]. A related systematic review revealed comparable findings that navigation program shortens the time between screening, diagnosis, first consultation, and first treatment of cancer patients [17]. In the present study, we found that the overall incidence of PPCs among GC patients under the nurse navigation program was 12.3% (110/893), significantly lower than previously reported [20, 21]. Meanwhile, 65 of 432 (15.0%) vs. 45 in 461 (9.8%) patients in the non-ONN and ONN groups, respectively (p = 0.016). In the present study, pleural effusion was higher in the non-ONN (11.3%) than that in the ONN group (8.5%), consistent with a previous report [22]. No respiratory failure, bronchospasm, and aspiration pneumonitis occurred. The severity of PPCs was lowered in the ONN group than in the non-ONN group. Taken together, our findings showed that ONN-guided training programs can improve the treatment outcome of patients with terminal illnesses. This is consistent with a recent study that ERAS-based respiratory function training in older patients can prevent PPCs after abdominal surgery [23].
Studies have shown that severity of PPCs most likely stems from multiple reasons, such as complexity of surgery, difficulty coughing and expectorating, trauma stress, microvascular permeability, plasma colloid osmotic pressure (COP) [24, 25]. Furthermore, research has confirmed that intraoperative COP based goal-directed fluid therapy can reduce PPCs of grade 2 and higher severity [25]. In our study, complications analysis showed that 9 patients (2.1%) had PPCs of grade 3 or worse in non-ONN group, while 5 patients (1.1%) in ONN group. Although no statistical difference found between the two groups (p = 0.286), major pulmonary complications (grade ≥ 3) were numerically higher in the non-ONN group, potentially indicating the positive effects achieved by ONN. One possible explanation reason for lack of statistically significant difference is that the small sample size was insufficiently powered to detect a difference. Further large-scale clinical trials are still needed to verify the effect.
Regarding strength, this is the first study on the impact of ONN on the treatment out of GC after radical gastrectomy. On limitation, given that this was a retrospective study, we had no control over patient recruitment and data collection. Some variables, such as complexity of surgery, intraoperative blood loss, may affect the incidence of PPCs were not analyzed. Also, the recruitment of patients was non-randomized, given that the study participants were recruited from a single center. We adjusted all the confounding factors in the analysis to minimize the bias. Despite the promising result, large sample randomized controlled, multi-center clinical trials and physiological tests are still needed to verify the impact of ONN on severity of PPCs.
Conclusions
In conclusion, ONN can potentially improve the treatment outcome of terminal diseases by reducing the incidence and severity of PPCs, but there was no evidence of its influence on the occurrence of major pulmonary complications (grade ≥ 3).
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Scihub (https://www.home-for-researchers.com/) for English language editing.
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The procedure mentioned in this retrospective study involving human participants were in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013), and approved by the Ethics Committee on Human Experimentation of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University (No.B2020-271R). The need for written informed consent from individual patients was waived by the Ethics Committee on Human Experimentation of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University because all data were anonymized for research purposes.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
All the authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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