Skip to main content
Erschienen in:

Open Access 01.12.2024 | Research

Compassionate care of nurses for the elderly admitted to the COVID-19 wards in teaching hospitals of southern Iran

verfasst von: Fereshte Faghihi, Ladan Zarshenas, Banafsheh Tehranineshat

Erschienen in: BMC Nursing | Ausgabe 1/2024

Abstract

Background

Compassionate care is the main indicator of the quality regarding nursing care. The importance of this care in the recovery process for the elderly hospitalized for COVID-19 has been under-researched in studies. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the compassionate care level of nurses to the elderly hospitalized in the COVID-19 wards of teaching hospitals in the south of Iran.

Methods

This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 212 nurses working in the COVID-19 wards of teaching hospitals in the south of Iran, who were selected through census in a cross-sectional study. The data were collected using the Tehranineshat et al. nurses’ compassionate care questionnaire and then the data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics along with SPSS software version 22.

Results

The mean score of nurses’ compassionate care was 130.18 ± 9.42, which was at a high level. The highest and lowest scores were related to professional performance (43.17 ± 2.799) and empathic communication dimension (27.76 ± 2.970). No significant relationship was found between variables such as gender, marital status, education, work experience, and job position with the compassionate care score (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Nurses providing care for hospitalized elderly are recommended to consider all aspects of compassionate care, especially empathic communication, in their educational planning.
Hinweise

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Background

Ageing populations are increasing in all countries, including Iran, which is transforming the world’s population growth and health charts [1]. According to predictions, the elderly population will increase from 800 million people in the world to two billion people by 2050, which includes both developed and developing countries [2]. Although chronic diseases are common in the elderly, COVID-19 as an acute disease on the health and economic situation in the world has caused many victims, especially among the elderly. Statistics show that most of the deaths caused by Covid-19 are in countries such as the United States, Italy, Spain, France, and the United Kingdom, which have a high elderly population and often suffer from life-threatening infections and require long-term care [3].
The elderly are more prone to contracting Covid-19 due to various reasons, including a low immune system, chronic diseases that can mask the symptoms of infection, and the use of several types of medication. Further, factors such as lack of attention or lack of ability to observe the principles of personal hygiene and self-care lead fully and correctly to the exacerbation of the risk of the elderly suffering from this disease. On the other hand, loneliness and lack of sufficient support from other family members, simplistic treatment of diseases and relating all symptoms to old age, lack of visiting or visiting late, unwillingness to take medicine, improper nutrition, and forgetfulness make these people among the most vulnerable sections of society in the face of the COVID-19 [4].
This vulnerable group needs to be attended to physically, psychologically, and in terms of their care needs. The health care provided to these people should not only improve the chances of their contracting COVID-19, but also enhance the quality of care provided at the time of their infection and hospitalization. Compassionate care is one of the main approaches to providing supportive care for this group during hospitalization [5]. Compassion and compassionate care are considered as the main elements in nursing [6]. According to studied, compassion has been defined as “awareness of others’ pain and suffering and action to for its prevention or elimination” [79]. Nurses play an important role in meeting the complex needs of the elderly in the crisis and it is essential to use specialist nurses for addressing the physical and psychological needs of this high-risk population [10]. Speaking kindly, actively listening to the patient and his family, and building a relationship based on trust are other features of compassionate care that can alleviate the suffering of a patient with COVID-19. Compassion can be done with small actions such as smiling at the patient, effective support, and providing necessary information [11]. Leamy et al. stated that small acts of kindness can make unbearable situations and problems bearable. Compassion can lead to a better regulation of the body’s physiological system, which directly related to the reduction of the pituitary-hypothalamus-adrenal axis reaction, cardiovascular reaction, and cortisol reaction, the increase of the parasympathetic nervous system reaction and immune system, which reduce stress in the patients [12]. Based on the results of a study from the perspective of hospitalized elderly, compassion and empathy were essential components of nursing care. Hospitalization during the period of COVID-19 caused the elderly to lose their sense of independence and control, and receiving care with compassion was a positive and pleasant experience during hospitalization and suffering from COVID-19 [13]. From the point of view of hospitalized elderly in another study, being empathetic, open minded, helpful, having a friendly attitude of a nurse was one of the examples of compassionate care during the COVID-19 pandemic. It was important for nurses to look at hospitalized elderly patients as human beings with feelings and emotions [14].
Abozied et al. (2020) studied perception of elderly patients about compassionate care by nurses. They concluded that the elderly patients on which they studied had a high perception and positive view about compassionate care; their responses were influenced by education and their duration of hospital stay. That study recommended that the opinions of elderly patients about compassion-based nursing care be investigated regularly [15].
In another study to explore the “effectiveness of compassion-based therapy on sense of loneliness and cognitive resilience of elderly men” on 30 elderly men aged 60–70 years old, it was found that there was a significant difference between the intervention and control groups regarding sense of loneliness and cognitive resilience. In other words, compassionate treatment led to diminished sense of loneliness and enhanced resilience of the elderly [16].
Compassionate care involves actively listening to a patient’s story and empathizing with their perspective, particularly when dealing with elderly patients. This approach leads to a better understanding of the patient’s specific needs and increases the level of compassionate care provided. As a result, there is a growing need to prioritize the development of nurses’ competencies in compassionate care through their pre- and postgraduate training [14].
Compassionate care is important in improving the quality of care for elderly patients and high-quality nursing care when these people are infected and admitted to the hospital, especially during the COVID-19 era. This study aimed to evaluate the compassionate care of nurses in caring for the elderly in the COVID-19 wards in teaching hospitals located in the south of Iran in 2021–2022.

Methods

Design

The current research was a cross-sectional from December 2021 to September 2022.

Research location and sampling method

The population included all the nurses working in the inpatient wards of COVID-19 in the teaching hospitals of the university. The location was Shiraz, an educational hospital located in the south of Iran. Shiraz is the third largest city in Iran and has large educational hospitals with numerous inpatient departments. During the covid-19 era, elderly patients with covid-19 were hospitalized in four teaching hospitals of the university, including Namazi, Shahid Faghihi, Rajaei, and Hazrat Ali Asghar hospitals. Sampling method was Through census. Briefly, the names of all nurses in the COVID ward were taken from the nursing office of the province, and then they were included in the study based on the inclusion criteria (total 212 people).

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

The inclusion criteria were nurses who had at least a bachelor’s degree in nursing. In addition, these nurses should be working in COVID-19 departments and have experience caring for elderly patients over 65 years old. Other nurses who completed the questionnaire incompletely or were transferred to other departments and hospitals were excluded from the study.

Instruments

The data were collected through the questionnaire of demographic information and measuring the compassionate care of Tehranineshat and colleagues (2021).

Demographic information

The questionnaire was based on age, sex, marital status, education level, work experience in the COVID-19 ward and work experience in the hospital, history of having a patient over 65 years old, history of having the necessary training to care for an elderly patient, and position of the nurse.

Compassionate care assessment questionnaire

This questionnaire was compiled and psychometrically evaluated by Tehranineshat et al. (2021) based on 28 questions. The questionnaire items related to measuring nurses’ compassionate care are divided into four areas, including professional performance (9 items), continuous follow-up (6 items), patient-centered care (7 items), and empathic communication (6 items) based on a Likert scale (Always (5), often (4), sometimes (3), rarely (2) and never (1)). The overall score is obtained from the sum of the scores of the items. The duration of answering this questionnaire was about 5–10 min. The points obtained are defined based on the distance between the lower third of grades 28–65 (poor), the middle third of 66–103 (average) and the upper third of 104–140 (good). Psychometry of the questionnaire was performed by the researcher with validity and reliability. The validity of the questionnaire has been checked by examining face validity (qualitative-quantitative), content validity (qualitative-quantitative), construct validity using exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis. In addition, the convergent validity of the correlation coefficient between the Compassionate Care Questionnaire and the Care Behavior Questionnaire of Wolf et al. was obtained at 0.68. The reliability of the questionnaire has been checked with internal consistency and stability methods. The reliability of the whole questionnaire was also estimated through Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (0.89) and intracluster correlation coefficient (0.94) [17].

Ethics

The researcher went to the hospitals where the research was conducted after obtaining the license and code of ethics (IR.SUMS.NUMIMG.REC.1401.015) from the vice-chancellor for research and technology of the university. The purpose of the research was explained by the researchers to the officials of the respective hospitals and the samples were selected based on the inclusion criteria. Written informed consent was obtained from all samples, and the personal information of the participants was kept confidential. They were also assured that they information would remain confidential and they preserve the right for withdrawing from the study at any time they wished.

Data analysis

The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical methods. Qualitative data of the research study were described by frequency (percentage) and quantitative data by mean (standard deviation). Mann-Whitney test was used to investigate the relationship between nurses’ compassionate care and demographic characteristics in terms of a two-level variable, considering that normality was not established. Kruskal-Wallis’s test should be used for comparison in terms of multi-level variables due to non-establishment of normality. Based on the opinion of the statistical consultant, the imbalance in the number of multilevel variable samples made it sufficient to compare the average and describe visually. Spearman’s correlation test was used to measure the correlation of four variables of the target items (professional performance, continuous follow-up, patient-centered care and empathic communication) and quantitative variables regarding the non-establishment of normality The study utilized the generalized linear regression test to predict nurses’ scores based on demographic variables and dimensions of compassionate care. Analyzes were performed using SPSS software version 22.

Results

Most of the participants in this study were women (86.3%), single people (50%), age group 20–30 years (54.7%), with a bachelor’s degree (95.3%). It was also found that most of the participants had the job position of nurse (92.9%). All the nurses in the study had at least one experience of nursing an elderly patient, but a high percentage of them (63.7%) did not receive special training regarding compassionate care of an elderly patient. According to the data analysis, 65.2% of the participants (135 people) have less than 10 years of work experience, and 39.9% of the nurses participating in the study (81 people) have been working in the COVID-19 ward for 1–2 years (Table 1).
Table 1
Demographic characteristics of research samples
Variable
Frequency
Frequency percentage
Gender
Female
183
86.3
Male
29
13.7
Age
20–30 years
116
55.5
30–40 years
65
31.1
40–50 years
27
12.9
Over 50 years old
1
0.5
Marital status
Single
106
50
Married
102
48.1
Divorced or widowed
4
1.9
Education
Bachelor
202
95.3
Masters
10
4.7
P.H.D
0
0
Nursing a patient over 65 years old
Positive
212
100
Negative
0
0
Work experience in the COVID-19 department
Less than 1 year
72
35.5
1–2 years
81
39.9
More than 2 years
50
24.6
Hospital work experience
Less than 10 years
135
65.2
10–20 years
66
31.9
More than 20 years
6
2.9
Elderly care training course
Positive
77
36.3
Negative
135
63.7
Position
Nurse
197
92.9
Head nurse
15
7.1
The average score of nurses’ compassionate care in caring for the elderly in the covid-19 wards was 130.18 with a standard deviation of 9.42. In addition, the highest and lowest scores among the participants were 140 and 85, respectively, and the standard deviation was 9.42.
The relationship between each of the demographic variables and the nurses’ compassionate care score was investigated through Mann-Whitney and Spearman (Tables 2 and 3).
Table 2
Comparison of the mean score of compassionate care with qualitative demographic variables
Variable
Groups
Quantity
Mean
Standard deviation
Median
Significant level
Gender
Female
183
130.09
9.06
133(125–137)
0.31
Male
29
130.72
11.61
135(125–138)
Marital status
Single
110
129.93
9.47
133(123–138)
0.84
Married
102
130.45
9.41
133(126.75–137)
Education
Bachelor
202
130.26
9.389
133(126-137.25)
0.66
Masters
10
128.50
10.544
130(120.5-137.5)
Training course
Positive
77
130.87
8.855
133(125.5–138)
0.38
Negative
135
129.79
9.748
132(125–137)
Job position
Nurse
197
130
9.556
133(125–138)
0.95
Head nurse
15
131.13
7.736
134(126–137)
Table 3
Correlation between quantitative variables and compassion score
Variables
score
Work experience in the COVID-19 department
Hospital work experience
Age
Score
1
   
Work experience in the COVID-19 department
r = 0.026
P = 0.717
1
  
Hospital work experience
r = 0.092
P = 0.189
 
1
 
Age
r = 0.204
P = 0.003
  
1
The score of compassionate care of nurses in caring for the elderly in the COVID-19 wards was analyzed by separating professional performance, continuous follow-up, patient-centered care, and empathic communication. The lowest average score was related to the empathic communication item and the highest average score was related to the professional performance item (Table 4).
Table 4
Compassionate care score of nurses based on the questionnaire dimensions
Dimension
Score
Standard deviation
Min
Max
Mean
Professional performance
27
45
43.179
2.799
Continuous follow-up
18
30
28.141
2.374
Patient-centered care
21
35
31.089
2.946
Empathic communication
16
30
27.768
2.970
To understand the relationship between the changes in the questionnaire and the demographic factors, the regression analysis was conducted. For this, the significance of each change was evaluated and only the variables with a significance level less than 0.2 were included in the final model used in the generalized linear model.
Based on the data, the final model included only age and work as predictors of professional performance. The results indicate that with each year increase in age, the performance score increases by 0.14. The R2 value of 0.06 suggests that age changes can explain about 6% of the variation in professional performance.
About continuous follow-up dimension,age and work experience were included in the final model, but neither of them were found to be statistically significant. Various variables were studied in relation to patient-centeredness and empathy in healthcare. Among these variables, age and education in caring for the elderly were included in the sample. The study found that only age had an effect on patient-centeredness, with an average increase of 0.07 points. With regard to empathy, only age was found to have a correlation with the score, but it was not statistically significant.
In addition, the study examined the relationship between the total score of compassionate care and demographic variables. The variables of age and work experience were included in the model, and the findings indicated that for every one year of age, the total score of compassionate care of nurses increased by 0.47 points. Various variables were studied in relation to patient-centeredness and empathy in healthcare. Among these variables, age and education in caring for the elderly were included in the sample. The study found that only age had an effect on patient-centeredness, with an average increase of 0.07 points. With regard to empathy, only age was found to have a correlation with the score, but it was not statistically significant.
Additionally, the study examined the relationship between the total score of compassionate care and demographic variables. The variables of age and work experience were included in the model, and the findings indicated that for every one year of age, the total score of compassionate care of nurses increased by 0.47 points (Table 5).
Table 5
The role of demographic variables in predicting nurses’ compassionate care score
Dimension
Demographic variables
β
SE
t
sig
Professional performance
Age
0.142
0.054
2.636
0.009
Work year
−0.029
0.058
−0.498
0.619
Continuous follow-up
Age
0.074
0.047
1.579
0.116
Work year
−0.017
0.050
−338
0.736
Patient-centered care
Training course
0.642
0.419
1.531
0.127
Age
0.07
0.031
2.260
0.025
Empathic communication
Age
0.04
0.031
1.491
0.137
Score
Age
0.47
0.183
2.575
0.011
Work year
−212
0.197
−1.074
0.284

Discussion

According to the results, the average score of compassionate care is in the “good” range. The results of the present study were consistent with similar studies.In Kılıç et al.‘s study, the compassionate care score of nurses working in the COVID-19 ward shows a high level [18]. The average score of compassionate care was conducted in other studies before the pandemic and in wards other than COVID-19. For example, the score in Arkan et al., Arlı and Bakan, Büyük and Baltacı was high, and it can be said that the score of compassionate care of nurses after the epidemic was similar to their score before the pandemic [1921]. The results of Nielsen et al. showed that the elderly patients who were hospitalized during the COVID-19 pandemic complained from painful experiences of lack of status or esteem, independence, and sense of self during the care. Meanwhile, the rules and restrictions resulting from COVID-19 had exacerbated the sense of loneliness and being left by the family members. Nurses also failed to care for all-round needs of elderly patients professionally [14]. The results of Hassan et al. showed that although nurses taking care of elderly patients had a positive attitude to compassionate care, their compassionate performance and self-confidence were low [22]. In the study by Simpson et al., it was found that compassionate care is not provided for those who have been hospitalized with COVID-19 diagnosis. According to the study participants’ views, sense of psychological security is essential for providing compassionate care, since compassion fatigue and burnout would affect the provision of compassionate care and quality of nursing care [23]. The patients in the study by Noor et al. stated that the period of COVID-19 pandemic had not affected compassionate care of nurses; even with restrictions on visits and strict regulations for care providers, most patients claimed that they had not been affected by changes in healthcare policies of the COVID-10 pandemic period [24]. The results of another study showed that during COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare staff provided care for patients with complete personal protective equipment including gown, gloves, face shield, and mask, and only the eyes of healthcare staff could be seen from below the mask or their glasses. Such restrictions resulting from isolation had created challenges for healthcare staff in their interaction with the patients and providing compassionate and quality care for patients. Nevertheless, compassion had remained the main core of care for some personnel. Patients with COVID-19 stated that nurses could express their compassion through simple measures such as establishing eye contact, response to the patient’s concerns, touching within the cultural norms, or tapping on the patient’s shoulder [25]. Although compassionate care should be provided in healthcare settings constantly, it can be affected by a complex range of personal and organizational factors. Provision of compassionate care results from inherent tendency to helping others within the framework of work-related goals and expectations. However, when it is applied to healthcare stings, its social aspect comes into play and forms as a salient feature of a professional community [26].
It was found that a considerable percentage of healthcare workers (63.7%) did not receive any special training on how to provide compassionate care to elderly patients. The data analysis revealed that 65.2% of the participants (135 individuals) had less than 10 years of work experience, while 39.9% of the nurses in the study (81 people) had been working in the COVID-19 ward for 1–2 years.
According to the findings of this study, the majority of nurses have not received any special training in providing compassionate care for elderly patients. The results of Babaei et al.‘s (2019) study also revealed that the in-service training programs failed to equip nurses with the necessary skills and knowledge for providing compassionate care, and they did not gain any such education during their academic studies. Nurses expressed their preference for training programs that would enhance their competency in the field of compassionate clinical care [27]. There is debate over whether compassion is an innate trait or can be learned [28, 29]. A healthcare professional’s capacity for empathetic care partially depends on their innate characteristics before entering the field [30]. But Professional motives, life experiences, individual, and organizational factors can strengthen or reduce these inherent characteristics [31, 32]. The inherent feature can also be influenced by cultural background and spiritual customs [33]. However, research suggests that this innate trait can be developed and often sustained through educational interventions such as experiential learning and reflective practices, as well as organizational support [28]. In some studies, nurses and other health professionals have proposed using clinical role-playing, rethinking, and simulation as educational tools to develop compassion [30, 34, 35]. In Jang et al.’s (2022) study, the “nursing services based on patient experience” intervention improved nurses’ compassion [36]. But many of the interventions that were implemented in the past did not address all aspects of compassionate care and were not founded on a model or definition of compassion. Therefore, it is recommended that educational programs for compassionate care should cover all necessary aspects including the development of attitudes, knowledge, skills, and behaviors based on compassion. Additionally, the effectiveness of nurse training should be assessed by patients, preceptors, and peers [31].
With regards to the dimensions of compassionate care provision in the present study, the highest mean score was related to the professional performance, and the lowest to the empathetic relationship. According to nurses in the study by Yodsuban et al., nurses should enjoy good professional as well as managerial knowledge and skills for taking care of elderly patients during COVID-19 pandemic. For reducing social isolation of elderly patients, they should employ holistic approach as well as all-round interventions with a focus on gratifying physical, psychological, and social needs of the elderly. [37]. In a study, patients with COVID 19 complained from insufficient interactions and lack of empathy during their communication. In order to establish empathetic as well as trust-based relationship with COVID-19 patients, the workplace institute had organized educational sessions about methods of verbal and nonverbal communication. In addition, a website was designed for follow-up of treatment and compassionate care for patients [38]. Sharing feelings and concerns causes all individuals involved in the healthcare crisis to find a greater sense of responsibility and adapt to the stressful conditions [39]. Empathy and effective communication are among the essential aspects of compassion-based care [28] and protective factors against emotional burnout of healthcare personnel [40]. Nevertheless, empathetic relationship is affected under stressful conditions such as COVID-19 and due to the personnel’s psychological and emotional burden and in turn their occupational burnout [41]. In addition, effective nurse-patient interaction is one of the important indicators of compassionate care that can be influenced by the culture of the community [42]. In Iranian communities, religion plays an important role in the quality of nursing care. Also, compliance with the religious and cultural norms of the community in the care of patients is also mandatory. For example, some loving behaviors such as touching the opposite sex are inappropriate and forbidden in Islam, and Muslim nurses should avoid such behaviors [43]. Compassionate care can be a basis for a comprehensive model in taking care of elderly with COVID-19, based on which in addition to typical context-based care of patients, nurses should also address concepts such as empathy, altruism, cultural values, and familial needs at the terminal stages of the patient’s life [44].
According to the study, compassion score and age were significantly correlated, although the relationship was weak. Arkan et al.’s study showed that age variable had a significant relationship with nurses’ compassionate care score [20]. The results of this study were in line with the current study. However, in the current study, the amount of this relationship was weak because the personnel in the COVID-19 ward was novice and they were passing their training course; thus, they homogeneous and young in terms of age and work experience. This issue could cause the lack of relationship between the variable of work experience and compassionate care score and the weak relationship between the variable of age and compassionate care score.
Other results were related to the examination of the compassionate care score by the dimensions of this type of care such as professional performance in which people scored high. A study on midwives showed a positive relationship between professional performance and compassion [45]. In a study, Bilgiç discussed the mutual relationship between these two variables and the results of the study indicated that increasing the level of compassion has a positive effect on moral sensitivity [46]. The result of this study was consistent with that of the present research. This topic shows the importance of professional ethics training in universities and hospitals and its effect on the behavior of nurses.
Another dimension of the questionnaire was the empathic relationship between the nurse and patient and investigated its relationship with the nurses’ compassionate care score. Jack stated that empathic communication is an integral aspect of caring for the elderly [47]. Fashami et al. concluded that compassionate care is the main component of empathy [48]. In addition, Su et al. proposed that compassionate care is a combination of the nurses’ empathic communication and their desire to reduce the suffering of patients, examine individual care needs, use effective communication with patients in line with their treatment and promote mutual benefits [49]. Therefore, the results of the study are related to the importance of empathic communication.
On the other hand, Generational differences between elderly people and nurses make establishing effective communication difficult and lead to poor quality care [50]. In the ethnographic study that was conducted in the southeast of Iran, it was found that communication problems between caregivers and the elderly are high. Thus, it is necessary that people who care for elderly individuals are trained in special communication strategies and skills, and they are not influenced by fatigue and burnout resulting from caring [51]. Strengthening communication skills and correcting the attitude of nurses towards elderly patients is one of the most important measures that can lead to the improvement of communication between the caregiver and the elderly [52].
Another dimension is the care follow-up questionnaire or continuity in care and its positive effect on the nurses’ compassionate care score. Jalalmarvi’s study showed that education and continuous care are among the main and important factors in the matter of care [53]. Hill and Freeman pointed out that continuity of care is one of the essential elements of modern care [54]. All the mentioned studies and other studies conducted in this field have focused on the importance of continuity in care or the follow-up of care in patient care, which was in line with the present study.
Patient-centered care is another dimension, which was investigated in the nurses’ compassionate care questionnaire. Ilarde et al. evaluated compassionate care in nurses and found that patients tend to feel valued and respected by health care providers. The patient-centered approach led to the facilitation of decision-making by patients and their families. Patient-centered care helped achieve care goals by determining the values and preferences of patients and their relatives. Involving patients and their families in care was one of the most important elements of compassionate care [55]. In another study, it is stated that compassionate and respectful care requires humanity and kindness to improve the quality of person-centered care for the patient [56]. Rawlings et al. stated that the patient should be considered as a partner in care planning and decision-making. The need for respecting the patients’ and their families’ desire to support them and allocate time for them was recognized as a necessary factor. A patient-centered approach to care facilitates the caregiver’s supportive role and facilitates the patient’s recovery process [57]. All studies studied have discussed the importance and emphasis of patient-centeredness in compassionate care, and thus, nurses should provide compassionate care with an emphasis on patient-centered care as a priority for health care.
was the lack of significant relationship between other demographic characteristics such as gender, education level, job history and category, marital status and nurses’ compassionate care score. Yilmaz-Esencan indicated that as midwives’ level of education decreased, their level of compassion also decreased and they received a lower score. Being married increased kindness and shared humanity as a factor influencing compassion [45]. In another similar study, Henderson emphasized the importance of the relationship between high education level and compassionate care [58]. In addition to these studies, a systematic review has been conducted and strong results indicate a positive effect of nurses’ education and level of education on the level of compassion in their care [59]. The results of the mentioned studies were not the same with the present study regarding the variable of education level. Perhaps this difference can be attributed to the low statistical population in the level of education above bachelor’s degree in the participants. Regarding the relationship between marital status and compassion score, the results of the Yilmaz-Esencan study were inconsistent with the present study, which could be due to the small number of participants [45].
Work history and job position were other demographic information that were examined in the present study to investigate their relationship with nurses’ compassionate care score. Lee et al. have also mentioned these variables and concluded that the compassion score of people who had 20 years of clinical experience was significantly higher compared to other people who had less clinical experience. In relation to the job position, this score was much higher in the manager of the nursing unit than nurses and clinical nursing specialists [60]. The results obtained from the present study regarding the effect of these two variables on the compassion score showed inconsistent results with Lee’s study and the reason for their difference. The current study was conducted on nurses working in the relevant departments during the epidemic, and most of the nurses working in the COVID-19 department included planned, novice, or contract personnel. The conditions were the same in relation to the job position variable.
Another variable that was examined in the current study was gender. A similar study was conducted in the United States and Ethiopia, in which the effect of gender and its relationship with the compassionate care score were investigated. The results of the research showed that the score of compassionate care is higher in women than in men [56, 61]. One of the results of a study conducted by Son on nursing interns was that female nurses scored higher in compassionate care than male nurses. This result was similar to Çingöl’s result on 494 nursing students to investigate the compassionate care score. Another researcher named Polat also conducted a similar study and the result of the study showed that the score of compassionate care is higher in women [6264]. In the present study, the gender variable had no significant relationship with compassionate care of the patient and was inconsistent with the similar studies mentioned. Among the reasons, the low statistical population and the lack of distribution of the number of people in two groups can be mentioned. On the other hand, no information about the gender of the patients was available. In studies where women’s compassionate care scores were higher, usually most nurses are women, and since women are more emotionally sensitive and caring than men, women have higher levels of compassionate care. In some studies, such as Hanan Hassan’s study, which was mentioned earlier, no relationship was found between nurses’ gender and the compassionate care score [22]. This study is similar to the current study because no significant relationship was found between the gender variable and nurses’ compassion score.

Limitations

It should be noted that over half of the nurses who participated in the study were young and inexperienced. This was due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the severe shortage of personnel, which forced the provincial nursing department to recruit young and inexperienced nurses to work in COVID-19 sections that were outside the researcher’s control. However, the researcher made sure to explain the objectives of the study to all participants before they completed the questionnaires.
Accordingly, it is suggested that in future studies, various age groups of nurses be examined. Also, the following issues can be considered for further research: exploring the compassionate care of nurses in other hospital wards, inspecting and comparing the compassionate care in nurses with other medical science professions, investigating the factors that impede compassionate care among nurses, exploring factors that cause improvements in the quality of compassionate care of nurses for patients, training self-compassion in nurses and examining its impact on nurses’ compassionate care, investigating compassionate care perceived by elderly hospitalized in COVID-19 wards with other wards of the hospital, scrutinizing different age group communities of nurses with regards to their compassionate care score.

Conclusions

Based on the results, the average score of compassionate care of nurses participating in the study is generally at a good level during COVID-19. Professional performance, continuity of care, patient-centeredness, and empathic communication were manifestations of compassionate care. Therefore, nurses should be trained to improve their performance and enhance the patients’ treatment process, especially in the elderly group, who make up a large part of the patients admitted to the hospital. Also, in-service training programs should be widely applied for nurses so that they can expand their knowledge and performance with regards to compassionate care especially during pandemics.

Acknowledgements

This research was carried out as part of a master thesis by Ms. Fereshte Faghihi approved in Shiraz University of Medical Sciences with the ethical code of IR.SUMS.NUMIMG.REC.1401.015. We also appreciate the contribution of all participants during the study.

Declarations

Written informed consents were obtained from all participants. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (IR.SUMS.NUMIMG.REC.1401.015). All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.
Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://​creativecommons.​org/​licenses/​by/​4.​0/​. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://​creativecommons.​org/​publicdomain/​zero/​1.​0/​) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Dindar Farkosh J, Kazemipour Sabet S, Ansari H. Foresight of the aging trend of the Iranian population in different regions and population groups until 1420. Volume 33. Future study Management; 2022. p. 1401. Dindar Farkosh J, Kazemipour Sabet S, Ansari H. Foresight of the aging trend of the Iranian population in different regions and population groups until 1420. Volume 33. Future study Management; 2022. p. 1401.
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Noroozian M. The elderly population in Iran: an ever growing concern in the health system. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci. 2012;6(2):1.PubMedPubMedCentral Noroozian M. The elderly population in Iran: an ever growing concern in the health system. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci. 2012;6(2):1.PubMedPubMedCentral
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Benksim A, Addi RA, Cherkaoui M. Vulnerability and fragility expose older adults to the potential dangers of COVID-19 pandemic. Iran J Public Health. 2020;49(Suppl 1):122.PubMedPubMedCentral Benksim A, Addi RA, Cherkaoui M. Vulnerability and fragility expose older adults to the potential dangers of COVID-19 pandemic. Iran J Public Health. 2020;49(Suppl 1):122.PubMedPubMedCentral
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Li J-Y, et al. The epidemic of 2019-novel-coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Pneumonia and insights for emerging infectious diseases in the future. Microbes Infect. 2020;22(2):80–5.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Li J-Y, et al. The epidemic of 2019-novel-coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Pneumonia and insights for emerging infectious diseases in the future. Microbes Infect. 2020;22(2):80–5.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Zamanzadeh V, et al. Compassionate care in nursing: a hybrid concept analysis. Hayat. 2017;22(4):362–80. Zamanzadeh V, et al. Compassionate care in nursing: a hybrid concept analysis. Hayat. 2017;22(4):362–80.
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Philp A. Nurses’ views on compassionate care: a study using Q methodology; 2021. Philp A. Nurses’ views on compassionate care: a study using Q methodology; 2021.
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Gilbert P. The origins and nature of compassion focused therapy. Br J Clin Psychol. 2014;53(1):6–41.PubMedCrossRef Gilbert P. The origins and nature of compassion focused therapy. Br J Clin Psychol. 2014;53(1):6–41.PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Cheng FK. Compassion focused therapy: the CBT distinctive features series. Taylor & Francis; 2014. Cheng FK. Compassion focused therapy: the CBT distinctive features series. Taylor & Francis; 2014.
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Burnell L, Agan DL. Compassionate care: can it be defined and measured? The development of the compassionate Care Assessment Tool. Int J Caring Sci. 2013;6(2):180–7. Burnell L, Agan DL. Compassionate care: can it be defined and measured? The development of the compassionate Care Assessment Tool. Int J Caring Sci. 2013;6(2):180–7.
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Barasteh S, et al. Covid-19 and nursing home residents: the potential role of geriatric nurses in a special crisis. Nursing Pract Today; 2020. Barasteh S, et al. Covid-19 and nursing home residents: the potential role of geriatric nurses in a special crisis. Nursing Pract Today; 2020.
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Leamy M, et al. The origins and implementation of an intervention to support healthcare staff to deliver compassionate care: exploring fidelity and adaptation in the transfer of Schwartz Center Rounds® from the United States to the United Kingdom. BMC Health Serv Res. 2019;19(1):1–11.CrossRef Leamy M, et al. The origins and implementation of an intervention to support healthcare staff to deliver compassionate care: exploring fidelity and adaptation in the transfer of Schwartz Center Rounds® from the United States to the United Kingdom. BMC Health Serv Res. 2019;19(1):1–11.CrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Gott M, et al. It was peaceful, it was beautiful’: a qualitative study of family understandings of good end-of-life care in hospital for people dying in advanced age. Palliat Med. 2019;33(7):793–801.PubMedCrossRef Gott M, et al. It was peaceful, it was beautiful’: a qualitative study of family understandings of good end-of-life care in hospital for people dying in advanced age. Palliat Med. 2019;33(7):793–801.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Nielsen DS, et al. Older patients’ perspectives and experience of hospitalisation during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative explorative study. Int J Older People Nurs. 2021;16(2):e12362.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Nielsen DS, et al. Older patients’ perspectives and experience of hospitalisation during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative explorative study. Int J Older People Nurs. 2021;16(2):e12362.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Abozied M, Ibrahim Ghazy AEM. Mohamed El Mahgawery Eldeeb, Elderly patients’ perception of compassionate care provided by nurses in Beni-Suef city. Egypt J Health Care. 2020;11(4):413–27.CrossRef Abozied M, Ibrahim Ghazy AEM. Mohamed El Mahgawery Eldeeb, Elderly patients’ perception of compassionate care provided by nurses in Beni-Suef city. Egypt J Health Care. 2020;11(4):413–27.CrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Tohidifar M, Kazemianmoghadam K, Haroonrashidi H. The effectiveness of Compassion-focused therapy on loneliness and cognitive flexibility in Elderly men. J Psychol Stud. 2021;17(2). Tohidifar M, Kazemianmoghadam K, Haroonrashidi H. The effectiveness of Compassion-focused therapy on loneliness and cognitive flexibility in Elderly men. J Psychol Stud. 2021;17(2).
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Tehranineshat B, et al. Development and assessment of the psychometric properties of a compassionate care questionnaire for nurses. BMC Nurs. 2021;20(1):1–12.CrossRef Tehranineshat B, et al. Development and assessment of the psychometric properties of a compassionate care questionnaire for nurses. BMC Nurs. 2021;20(1):1–12.CrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Kılıç Z, et al. Relationship between nurses’ compassion level and emotional intelligence during the COVID-19 pandemic: case of city hospitals. J Holist Nurs. 2022:08980101221089471. Kılıç Z, et al. Relationship between nurses’ compassion level and emotional intelligence during the COVID-19 pandemic: case of city hospitals. J Holist Nurs. 2022:08980101221089471.
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Tural Büyük E, Baltaci N. The relationship between the compassion of nurses and their levels of job satisfaction. Turkiye Klinikleri J Nurs Sci. 2021;13(1). Tural Büyük E, Baltaci N. The relationship between the compassion of nurses and their levels of job satisfaction. Turkiye Klinikleri J Nurs Sci. 2021;13(1).
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Arkan B, Yılmaz D, Düzgün F. Determination of compassion levels of nurses working at a university hospital. J Relig Health. 2020;59(1):29–39.PubMedCrossRef Arkan B, Yılmaz D, Düzgün F. Determination of compassion levels of nurses working at a university hospital. J Relig Health. 2020;59(1):29–39.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Arlı Ş, Bakan A. The factors affecting compassion and intercultural sensitivity among the surgical nurses. Sted. 2018;27(4):277–83. Arlı Ş, Bakan A. The factors affecting compassion and intercultural sensitivity among the surgical nurses. Sted. 2018;27(4):277–83.
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Hassan HE, et al. CompassionateCare: correlation and predictors of nurses’ and patients’ opinions. Am J Public Health. 2021;9(6):234–43. Hassan HE, et al. CompassionateCare: correlation and predictors of nurses’ and patients’ opinions. Am J Public Health. 2021;9(6):234–43.
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Simpson R, et al. The experiences of patients, family caregivers, healthcare providers, and health service leaders with compassionate care following hospitalization with COVID-19: a qualitative study. Disabil Rehabilit. 2022:1–10. Simpson R, et al. The experiences of patients, family caregivers, healthcare providers, and health service leaders with compassionate care following hospitalization with COVID-19: a qualitative study. Disabil Rehabilit. 2022:1–10.
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Mohamed Noor NM, et al. Predictors of Healthcare workers’ compassionate care amid the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study from patients’ perspective in Kelantan, Malaysia. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(2):1380.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Mohamed Noor NM, et al. Predictors of Healthcare workers’ compassionate care amid the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study from patients’ perspective in Kelantan, Malaysia. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(2):1380.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Costello M. Expressions of compassion during COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Caring Sci. 2020;13(3). Costello M. Expressions of compassion during COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Caring Sci. 2020;13(3).
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Tierney S, et al. Enabling the flow of compassionate care: a grounded theory study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2017;17:1–12.CrossRef Tierney S, et al. Enabling the flow of compassionate care: a grounded theory study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2017;17:1–12.CrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Babaei S, Taleghani F. Compassionate care challenges and barriers in clinical nurses: a qualitative study. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2019;24(3):213.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Babaei S, Taleghani F. Compassionate care challenges and barriers in clinical nurses: a qualitative study. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2019;24(3):213.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Tehranineshat B, et al. Compassionate care in healthcare systems: a systematic review. J Natl Med Assoc. 2019;111(5):546–54.PubMed Tehranineshat B, et al. Compassionate care in healthcare systems: a systematic review. J Natl Med Assoc. 2019;111(5):546–54.PubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Sinclair S, et al. Compassion: a scoping review of the healthcare literature. BMC Palliat care. 2016;15(1):1–16.CrossRef Sinclair S, et al. Compassion: a scoping review of the healthcare literature. BMC Palliat care. 2016;15(1):1–16.CrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Sinclair S, et al. Compassion training in healthcare: what are patients’ perspectives on training healthcare providers? BMC Med Educ. 2016;16(1):1–10.CrossRef Sinclair S, et al. Compassion training in healthcare: what are patients’ perspectives on training healthcare providers? BMC Med Educ. 2016;16(1):1–10.CrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Sinclair S, et al. What is the state of compassion education? A systematic review of compassion training in health care. Acad Med. 2021;96(7):1057.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Sinclair S, et al. What is the state of compassion education? A systematic review of compassion training in health care. Acad Med. 2021;96(7):1057.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Valizadeh L, et al. Nurse’s perceptions of organisational barriers to delivering compassionate care: a qualitative study. Nurs Ethics. 2018;25(5):580–90.PubMedCrossRef Valizadeh L, et al. Nurse’s perceptions of organisational barriers to delivering compassionate care: a qualitative study. Nurs Ethics. 2018;25(5):580–90.PubMedCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Sinclair S, et al. What are healthcare providers’ understandings and experiences of compassion? The healthcare compassion model: a grounded theory study of healthcare providers in Canada. BMJ open. 2018;8(3):e019701.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Sinclair S, et al. What are healthcare providers’ understandings and experiences of compassion? The healthcare compassion model: a grounded theory study of healthcare providers in Canada. BMJ open. 2018;8(3):e019701.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Malenfant S, et al. Compassion in healthcare: an updated scoping review of the literature. BMC Palliat care. 2022;21(1):1–28.CrossRef Malenfant S, et al. Compassion in healthcare: an updated scoping review of the literature. BMC Palliat care. 2022;21(1):1–28.CrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Roze des Ordons A, et al. A pattern language of compassion in intensive care and palliative care contexts. BMC Palliat Care. 2019;18(1):1–9.CrossRef Roze des Ordons A, et al. A pattern language of compassion in intensive care and palliative care contexts. BMC Palliat Care. 2019;18(1):1–9.CrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Jang K-S, et al. Effectiveness of a service design training program to improve clinical nurses’ compassion and problem-solving in Korea. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(8):e0272957.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Jang K-S, et al. Effectiveness of a service design training program to improve clinical nurses’ compassion and problem-solving in Korea. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(8):e0272957.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Yodsuban P, et al. The roles of community health nurses for older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic in Northeastern Thailand: a qualitative study. Int J Nurs Sci. 2023;10(1):53–63.PubMed Yodsuban P, et al. The roles of community health nurses for older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic in Northeastern Thailand: a qualitative study. Int J Nurs Sci. 2023;10(1):53–63.PubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Stevens SK, et al. The use of empathic communication during the COVID-19 outbreak. J Patient Exp. 2020;7(5):648–52.CrossRef Stevens SK, et al. The use of empathic communication during the COVID-19 outbreak. J Patient Exp. 2020;7(5):648–52.CrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat King DB, Kamble S, DeLongis A. Coping with Influenza A/H1N1 in India: empathy is associated with increased vaccination and health precautions. Int J Health Promotion Educ. 2016;54(6):283–94.CrossRef King DB, Kamble S, DeLongis A. Coping with Influenza A/H1N1 in India: empathy is associated with increased vaccination and health precautions. Int J Health Promotion Educ. 2016;54(6):283–94.CrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Wilkinson H, et al. Examining the relationship between burnout and empathy in healthcare professionals: a systematic review. Burnout Res. 2017;6:18–29.CrossRef Wilkinson H, et al. Examining the relationship between burnout and empathy in healthcare professionals: a systematic review. Burnout Res. 2017;6:18–29.CrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Barello S, Graffigna G. Caring for health professionals in the COVID-19 pandemic emergency: toward an epidemic of empathy in healthcare. Front Psychol. 2020;11:1431.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Barello S, Graffigna G. Caring for health professionals in the COVID-19 pandemic emergency: toward an epidemic of empathy in healthcare. Front Psychol. 2020;11:1431.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Tehranineshat B, et al. Nurses’, patients’, and family caregivers’ perceptions of compassionate nursing care. Nurs Ethics. 2019;26(6):1707–20.PubMedCrossRef Tehranineshat B, et al. Nurses’, patients’, and family caregivers’ perceptions of compassionate nursing care. Nurs Ethics. 2019;26(6):1707–20.PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Babaei S, Taleghani F, Kayvanara M. Compassionate behaviours of clinical nurses in Iran: an ethnographic study. Int Nurs Rev. 2016;63(3):388–94.PubMedCrossRef Babaei S, Taleghani F, Kayvanara M. Compassionate behaviours of clinical nurses in Iran: an ethnographic study. Int Nurs Rev. 2016;63(3):388–94.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Ghanbari-Afra L, et al. Compassion-based care for COVID-19 patients: a qualitative analysis of nurses’ perceptions. J Med Ethics History Med. 2021;14. Ghanbari-Afra L, et al. Compassion-based care for COVID-19 patients: a qualitative analysis of nurses’ perceptions. J Med Ethics History Med. 2021;14.
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Yilmaz-Esencan T, Demir-Yildirim A, Uzun S-N. An investigation of factors affecting compassion levels of midwives. Eur J Midwifery. 2022;6. Yilmaz-Esencan T, Demir-Yildirim A, Uzun S-N. An investigation of factors affecting compassion levels of midwives. Eur J Midwifery. 2022;6.
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Bilgiç Ş. Does the compassion level of nursing students affect their ethical sensitivity? Nurse Educ Today. 2022;109:105228.PubMedCrossRef Bilgiç Ş. Does the compassion level of nursing students affect their ethical sensitivity? Nurse Educ Today. 2022;109:105228.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Jack K. Demonstrating empathy when communicating with older people. Nurs Older People. 2022;34(1). Jack K. Demonstrating empathy when communicating with older people. Nurs Older People. 2022;34(1).
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Fashami FM, et al. Measuring Empathy in Iranian pharmacy students: using the Jefferson Scale of Empathy-Health Profession Students. Am J Pharmaceut Educ. 2022. Fashami FM, et al. Measuring Empathy in Iranian pharmacy students: using the Jefferson Scale of Empathy-Health Profession Students. Am J Pharmaceut Educ. 2022.
49.
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Harouni MD, et al. Older people’s perceptions of intergenerational relationships in nursing homes: a qualitative content analysis. J Family Med Prim care. 2022;11(8):4395.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Harouni MD, et al. Older people’s perceptions of intergenerational relationships in nursing homes: a qualitative content analysis. J Family Med Prim care. 2022;11(8):4395.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Khodabandeh-Shahraki S, et al. Communication behaviors in nursing homes in South-East Iran: an ethnographic study. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2019;24(2):137.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Khodabandeh-Shahraki S, et al. Communication behaviors in nursing homes in South-East Iran: an ethnographic study. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2019;24(2):137.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Aghamolaei T, Hasani L. Communication barriers among nurses and elderly patients. Hormozgan Med J. 2011;14(4):312–8. Aghamolaei T, Hasani L. Communication barriers among nurses and elderly patients. Hormozgan Med J. 2011;14(4):312–8.
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Jalalmarvi F. Assessing the impact of continuous care model on the treatment of Chronic Diseases. Paramed Sci Military Health. 2018;13(2):35–43. Jalalmarvi F. Assessing the impact of continuous care model on the treatment of Chronic Diseases. Paramed Sci Military Health. 2018;13(2):35–43.
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Hill AP, Freeman GK. Promoting continuity of care in general practice. London: Royal College of General Practitioners; 2011. Hill AP, Freeman GK. Promoting continuity of care in general practice. London: Royal College of General Practitioners; 2011.
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Ilarde M, et al. Compassionate care in nursing: a concept analysis; 2021. Ilarde M, et al. Compassionate care in nursing: a concept analysis; 2021.
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Jemal K, et al. The importance of compassion and respectful care for the health workforce: a mixed-methods study. J Public Health. 2021:1–12. Jemal K, et al. The importance of compassion and respectful care for the health workforce: a mixed-methods study. J Public Health. 2021:1–12.
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Rawlings D, Devery K, Poole N. Improving quality in hospital end-of-life care: honest communication, compassion and empathy. BMJ open Qual. 2019;8(2):e000669.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Rawlings D, Devery K, Poole N. Improving quality in hospital end-of-life care: honest communication, compassion and empathy. BMJ open Qual. 2019;8(2):e000669.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Henderson A, Jones J. Developing and maintaining compassionate care in nursing. Nurs Standard (2014+). 2017;32(4):60.CrossRef Henderson A, Jones J. Developing and maintaining compassionate care in nursing. Nurs Standard (2014+). 2017;32(4):60.CrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Coffey A, et al. The impact of compassionate care education on nurses: a mixed-method systematic review. J Adv Nurs. 2019;75(11):2340–51.PubMedCrossRef Coffey A, et al. The impact of compassionate care education on nurses: a mixed-method systematic review. J Adv Nurs. 2019;75(11):2340–51.PubMedCrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee Y, Seomun G. Role of compassion competence among clinical nurses in professional quality of life. Int Nurs Rev. 2016;63(3):381–7.PubMedCrossRef Lee Y, Seomun G. Role of compassion competence among clinical nurses in professional quality of life. Int Nurs Rev. 2016;63(3):381–7.PubMedCrossRef
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Seven A, et al. Compassion levels of the intern students of nursing and the influencing factors: pilot study. Online Türk Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2019;4(3):273–82.CrossRef Seven A, et al. Compassion levels of the intern students of nursing and the influencing factors: pilot study. Online Türk Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2019;4(3):273–82.CrossRef
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Çingöl N, et al. Bir Sağlık Yüksekokulu Hemşirelik Bölümü Öğrencilerinin Merhamet Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi (Turkish). Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2018;21(1):61–7. Çingöl N, et al. Bir Sağlık Yüksekokulu Hemşirelik Bölümü Öğrencilerinin Merhamet Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi (Turkish). Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2018;21(1):61–7.
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Polat FN, Erdem R. Merhamet yorgunluğu düzeyİnİn çalişma yaşam kalitesi ile iliŞkisi: sağlik profesyonelleri örneği. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2017;(26):291–312. Polat FN, Erdem R. Merhamet yorgunluğu düzeyİnİn çalişma yaşam kalitesi ile iliŞkisi: sağlik profesyonelleri örneği. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2017;(26):291–312.
Metadaten
Titel
Compassionate care of nurses for the elderly admitted to the COVID-19 wards in teaching hospitals of southern Iran
verfasst von
Fereshte Faghihi
Ladan Zarshenas
Banafsheh Tehranineshat
Publikationsdatum
01.12.2024
Verlag
BioMed Central
Erschienen in
BMC Nursing / Ausgabe 1/2024
Elektronische ISSN: 1472-6955
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-023-01670-6