Lebensrettende Maßnahmen bei Kindern („paediatric life support“)

1.

European Resuscitation Council (1998) Paediatric life support: (including the recommendations for resuscitation of babies at birth). Resuscitation 37:95–96

2.

Zideman D, Bingham R, Beattie T et al (1994) Guidelines for paediatric life support: A Statement by the Paediatric Life Support Working Party of the European Resuscitation Council, 1993. Resuscitation 27:91–105

3.

Phillips B, Zideman D, Wyllie J et al (2001) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2000 for Newly Born Life Support. A statement from the Paediatric Life Support Working Group and approved by the Executive Committee of the European Resuscitation Council. Resuscitation 48:235–239PubMed

4.

Phillips B, Zideman D, Garcia-Castrillo L et al (2001) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2000 for Advanced Paediatric Life Support. A statement from Paediatric Life Support Working Group and approved by the Executive Committee of the European Resuscitation Council. Resuscitation 48:231–234PubMed

5.

Biarent D, Bingham R, Richmond S et al (2005) European Resuscitation Council guidelines for resuscitation 2005. Section 6. Paediatric life support. Resuscitation 67(Suppl 1):S97–S133PubMed

6.

American Heart Association in collaboration with International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (2000) Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care---An International Consensus on Science. Resuscitation 46:3–430

7.

American Heart Association in collaboration with International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (2000) Guidelines 2000 for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care: International Consensus on Science. Circulation 102(Suppl I):I–46₋₋I–8

8.

2005 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations (2005) Part 6: Paediatric basic and advanced life support. Resuscitation 67:271–291

9.

2010 International consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Circulation In Press

10.

2010 International consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Resuscitation In Press

11.

Wyllie J, Richmond S (2010) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010. Section 7. Resuscitation of babies at birth. Resuscitation 81

12.

Tibballs J, Weeranatna C (2010) The influence of time on the accuracy of healthcare personnel to diagnose paediatric cardiac arrest by pulse palpation. Resuscitation

13.

Tibballs J, Carter B, Kiraly NJ et al (2010) External and internal biphasic direct current shock doses for pediatric ventricular fibrillation and pulseless ventricular tachycardia. Pediatr Crit Care Med

14.

Sarti A, Savron F, Ronfani L et al (2006) Comparison of three sites to check the pulse and count heart rate in hypotensive infants. Paediatr Anaesth 16:394–398PubMed

15.

Sarti A, Savron F, Casotto V, Cuttini M (2005) Heartbeat assessment in infants: a comparison of four clinical methods. Pediatr Crit Care Med 6:212–215PubMed

16.

Caen AR de, Kleinman ME, Chameides L et al (2010) International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Part 10: Pediatric Basic and Advanced Life Support. Resuscitation In Press

17.

Berg RA, Hilwig RW, Kern KB et al (1999) Simulated mouth-to-mouth ventilation and chest compressions (bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation) improves outcome in a swine model of prehospital pediatric asphyxial cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 27:1893–1899PubMed

18.

Dorph E, Wik L, Steen PA (2002) Effectiveness of ventilation-compression ratios 1:5 and 2:15 in simulated single rescuer paediatric resuscitation. Resuscitation 54:259–264PubMed

19.

Turner I, Turner S, Armstrong V (2002) Does the compression to ventilation ratio affect the quality of CPR: a simulation study. Resuscitation 52:55–62PubMed

20.

Babbs CF, Kern KB (2002) Optimum compression to ventilation ratios in CPR under realistic, practical conditions: a physiological and mathematical analysis. Resuscitation 54:147–157PubMed

21.

Babbs CF, Nadkarni V (2004) Optimizing chest compression to rescue ventilation ratios during one-rescuer CPR by professionals and lay persons: children are not just little adults. Resuscitation 61:173–181PubMed

22.

Kitamura T, Iwami T, Kawamura T et al (2010) Conventional and chest-compression-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation by bystanders for children who have out-of-hospital cardiac arrests: a prospective, nationwide, population-based cohort study. Lancet

23.

Houri PK, Frank LR, Menegazzi JJ, Taylor R (1997) A randomized, controlled trial of two-thumb vs two-finger chest compression in a swine infant model of cardiac arrest [see comment]. Prehosp Emerg Care 1:65–67PubMed

24.

David R (1988) Closed chest cardiac massage in the newborn infant. Pediatrics 81:552–554PubMed

25.

Dorfsman ML, Menegazzi JJ, Wadas RJ, Auble TE (2000) Two-thumb vs two-finger chest compression in an infant model of prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Acad Emerg Med 7:1077–1082PubMed

26.

Whitelaw CC, Slywka B, Goldsmith LJ (2000) Comparison of a two-finger versus two-thumb method for chest compressions by healthcare providers in an infant mechanical model. Resuscitation 43:213–216PubMed

27.

Menegazzi JJ, Auble TE, Nicklas KA et al (1993) Two-thumb versus two-finger chest compression during CRP in a swine infant model of cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 22:240–243PubMed

28.

Stevenson AG, McGowan J, Evans AL, Graham CA (2005) CPR for children: one hand or two? Resuscitation 64:205–208PubMed

29.

Gurnett CA, Atkins DL (2000) Successful use of a biphasic waveform automated external defibrillator in a high-risk child. Am J Cardiol 86:1051–1053PubMed

30.

Konig B, Benger J, Goldsworthy L (2005) Automatic external defibrillation in a 6 year old. Arch Dis Child 90:310–311PubMed

31.

Atkinson E, Mikysa B, Conway JA et al (2003) Specificity and sensitivity of automated external defibrillator rhythm analysis in infants and children. Ann Emerg Med 42:185–196PubMed

32.

Cecchin F, Jorgenson DB, Berul CI et al (2001) Is arrhythmia detection by automatic external defibrillator accurate for children? Sensitivity and specificity of an automatic external defibrillator algorithm in 696 pediatric arrhythmias. Circulation 103:2483–2488PubMed

33.

Atkins DL, Scott WA, Blaufox AD et al (2008) Sensitivity and specificity of an automated external defibrillator algorithm designed for pediatric patients. Resuscitation 76:168–174PubMed

34.

Samson R, Berg R, Bingham R, Pediatric Advanced Life Support Task Force ILCoR (2003) Use of automated external defibrillators for children: an update. An advisory statement from the Pediatric Advanced Life Support Task Force, International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. Resuscitation 57:237–243PubMed

35.

Jorgenson D, Morgan C, Snyder D et al (2002) Energy attenuator for pediatric application of an automated external defibrillator. Crit Care Med 30:S145–S147PubMed

36.

Tang W, Weil MH, Jorgenson D et al (2002) Fixed-energy biphasic waveform defibrillation in a pediatric model of cardiac arrest and resuscitation. Crit Care Med 30:2736–2741PubMed

37.

Berg RA, Chapman FW, Berg MD et al (2004) Attenuated adult biphasic shocks compared with weight-based monophasic shocks in a swine model of prolonged pediatric ventricular fibrillation. Resuscitation 61:189–197PubMed

38.

Berg RA, Samson RA, Berg MD et al (2005) Better outcome after pediatric defibrillation dosage than adult dosage in a swine model of pediatric ventricular fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 45:786–789PubMed

39.

Bar-Cohen Y, Walsh EP, Love BA, Cecchin F (2005) First appropriate use of automated external defibrillator in an infant. Resuscitation 67:135–137PubMed

40.

Divekar A, Soni R (2006) Successful parental use of an automated external defibrillator for an infant with long-QT syndrome. Pediatrics 118:e526–e529PubMed

41.

Atkins DL, Everson-Stewart S, Sears GK et al (2009) Epidemiology and outcomes from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in children: the resuscitation outcomes consortium epistry-cardiac arrest. Circulation 119:1484–1491PubMed

42.

Rodriguez-Nunez A, Lopez-Herce J, Garcia C et al (2006) Pediatric defibrillation after cardiac arrest: initial response and outcome. Crit Care 10:R113PubMed

43.

Samson RA, Nadkarni VM, Meaney PA et al (2006) Outcomes of in-hospital ventricular fibrillation in children. N Engl J Med 354:2328–2339PubMed

44.

Rea TD, Helbock M, Perry S et al (2006) Increasing use of cardiopulmonary resuscitation during out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation arrest: survival implications of guideline changes. Circulation 114:2760–2765PubMed

45.

Menegazzi JJ, Hsieh M, Niemann JT, Swor RA (2008) Derivation of clinical predictors of failed rescue shock during out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. Prehosp Emerg Care 12:347–351PubMed

46.

Rea TD, Shah S, Kudenchuk PJ et al (2005) Automated external defibrillators: to what extent does the algorithm delay CPR? Ann Emerg Med 46:132–141PubMed

47.

Becker L, Gold LS, Eisenberg M et al (2008) Ventricular fibrillation in king county, Washington: a 30-year perspective. Resuscitation 79:22–27PubMed

48.

Rossano J, Quan L, Schiff M et al (2003) Survival is not correlated with defibrillation dosing in pediatric out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. Circulation 108:IV-320–321

49.

Clark CB, Zhang Y, Davies LR et al (2001) Pediatric transthoracic defibrillation: biphasic versus monophasic waveforms in an experimental model. Resuscitation 51:159–163PubMed

50.

Berg MD, Samson RA, Meyer RJ et al (2005) Pediatric defibrillation doses often fail to terminate prolonged out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation in children. Resuscitation 67:63–67PubMed

51.

Schneider T, Martens PR, Paschen H et al (2000) Multicenter, randomized, controlled trial of 150-J biphasic shocks compared with 200- to 360-J monophasic shocks in the resuscitation of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest victims. Optimized Response to Cardiac Arrest (ORCA) Investigators. Circulation 102:1780–1787PubMed

52.

Faddy SC, Powell J, Craig JC (2003) Biphasic and monophasic shocks for transthoracic defibrillation: A meta analysis of randomised controlled trials. Resuscitation 58:9–16PubMed

53.

Alem AP van, Chapman FW, Lank P et al (2003) A prospective, randomised and blinded comparison of first shock success of monophasic and biphasic waveforms in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 58:17–24PubMed

54.

Safranek DJ, Eisenberg MS, Larsen MP (1992) The epidemiology of cardiac arrest in young adults. Ann Emerg Med 21:1102–1106PubMed

55.

Redding JS (1979) The choking controversy: critique of evidence on the Heimlich maneuver. Crit Care Med 7:475–479PubMed

56.

Kuisma M, Suominen P, Korpela R (1995) Paediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrests–epidemiology and outcome. Resuscitation 30:141–150PubMed

57.

Sirbaugh PE, Pepe PE, Shook JE et al (1999) A prospective, population-based study of the demographics, epidemiology, management, and outcome of out-of-hospital pediatric cardiopulmonary arrest. Ann Emerg Med 33:174–184PubMed

58.

Hickey RW, Cohen DM, Strausbaugh S, Dietrich AM (1995) Pediatric patients requiring CPR in the prehospital setting. Ann Emerg Med 25:495–501PubMed

59.

Young KD, Seidel JS (1999) Pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a collective review. Ann Emerg Med 33:195–205PubMed

60.

Reis AG, Nadkarni V, Perondi MB et al (2002) A prospective investigation into the epidemiology of in-hospital pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation using the international Utstein reporting style. Pediatrics 109:200–209PubMed

61.

Young KD, Gausche-Hill M, McClung CD, Lewis RJ (2004) A prospective, population-based study of the epidemiology and outcome of out-of-hospital pediatric cardiopulmonary arrest. Pediatrics 114:157–164PubMed

62.

Richman PB, Nashed AH (1999) The etiology of cardiac arrest in children and young adults: special considerations for ED management. Am J Emerg Med 17:264–270PubMed

63.

Engdahl J, Bang A, Karlson BW et al (2003) Characteristics and outcome among patients suffering from out of hospital cardiac arrest of non-cardiac aetiology. Resuscitation 57:33–41PubMed

64.

Tibballs J, Kinney S (2009) Reduction of hospital mortality and of preventable cardiac arrest and death on introduction of a pediatric medical emergency team. Pediatr Crit Care Med 10:306–312PubMed

65.

Chan PS, Jain R, Nallmothu BK et al (2010) Rapid response teams: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 170:18–26PubMed

66.

Hunt EA, Zimmer KP, Rinke ML et al (2008) Transition from a traditional code team to a medical emergency team and categorization of cardiopulmonary arrests in a children’s center. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 162:117–122PubMed

67.

Sharek PJ, Parast LM, Leong K et al (2007) Effect of a rapid response team on hospital-wide mortality and code rates outside the ICU in a children’s hospital. JAMA 298:2267–2274PubMed

68.

Brilli RJ, Gibson R, Luria JW et al (2007) Implementation of a medical emergency team in a large pediatric teaching hospital prevents respiratory and cardiopulmonary arrests outside the intensive care unit. Pediatr Crit Care Med 8:236–246; quiz 47PubMed

69.

Tibballs J, Kinney S, Duke T et al (2005) Reduction of paediatric in-patient cardiac arrest and death with a medical emergency team: preliminary results. Arch Dis Child 90:1148–1152PubMed

70.

Carcillo JA (2003) Pediatric septic shock and multiple organ failure. Crit Care Clin 19:413–440, viiiPubMed

71.

Tibballs J, Russell P (2009) Reliability of pulse palpation by healthcare personnel to diagnose paediatric cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 80:61–64PubMed

72.

Eberle B, Dick WF, Schneider T et al (1996) Checking the carotid pulse check: diagnostic accuracy of first responders in patients with and without a pulse. Resuscitation 33:107–116PubMed

73.

Moule P (2000) Checking the carotid pulse: diagnostic accuracy in students of the healthcare professions. Resuscitation 44:195–201PubMed

74.

Lapostolle F, Le Toumelin P, Agostinucci JM et al (2004) Basic cardiac life support providers checking the carotid pulse: performance, degree of conviction, and influencing factors. Acad Emerg Med 11:878–880PubMed

75.

Frederick K, Bixby E, Orzel MN et al (2002) Will changing the emphasis from ‚pulseless‘ to ‚no signs of circulation‘ improve the recall scores for effective life support skills in children? Resuscitation 55:255–261PubMed

76.

Tsung JW, Blaivas M (2008) Feasibility of correlating the pulse check with focused point-of-care echocardiography during pediatric cardiac arrest: a case series. Resuscitation 77:264–269PubMed

77.

Dung NM, Day NPJ, Tam DTH et al (1999) Fluid replacement in dengue shock syndrome: A randomized, double-blind comparison of four intravenous-fluid regimens. Clin Infect Dis 29:787–794PubMed

78.

Ngo NT, Cao XT, Kneen R et al (2001) Acute management of dengue shock syndrome: a randomized double-blind comparison of 4 intravenous fluid regimens in the first hour. Clin Infect Dis 32:204–213PubMed

79.

Wills BA, Nguyen MD, Ha TL et al (2005) Comparison of three fluid solutions for resuscitation in dengue shock syndrome. N Engl J Med 353:877–889PubMed

80.

Upadhyay M, Singhi S, Murlidharan J et al (2005) Randomized evaluation of fluid resuscitation with crystalloid (saline) and colloid (polymer from degraded gelatin in saline) in pediatric septic shock. Indian Pediatr 42:223–231PubMed

81.

Rechner JA, Loach VJ, Ali MT et al (2007) A comparison of the laryngeal mask airway with facemask and oropharyngeal airway for manual ventilation by critical care nurses in children. Anaesthesia 62:790–795PubMed

82.

Blevin AE, McDouall SF, Rechner JA et al (2009) A comparison of the laryngeal mask airway with the facemask and oropharyngeal airway for manual ventilation by first responders in children. Anaesthesia 64:1312–1316PubMed

83.

Park C, Bahk JH, Ahn WS et al (2001) The laryngeal mask airway in infants and children. Can J Anaesth 48:413–417PubMed

84.

Harnett M, Kinirons B, Heffernan A et al (2000) Airway complications in infants: comparison of laryngeal mask airway and the facemask-oral airway. Can J Anaesth 47:315–318PubMed

85.

Scheller B, Schalk R, Byhahn C et al (2009) Laryngeal tube suction II for difficult airway management in neonates and small infants. Resuscitation 80:805–810PubMed

86.

Hedges JR, Mann NC, Meischke H et al (1998) Assessment of chest pain onset and out-of-hospital delay using standardized interview questions: the REACT Pilot Study. Rapid Early Action for Coronary Treatment (REACT) Study Group. Acad Emerg Med 5:773–780PubMed

87.

Murphy-Macabobby M, Marshall WJ, Schneider C, Dries D (1992) Neuromuscular blockade in aeromedical airway management. Ann Emerg Med 21:664–668PubMed

88.

Sayre M, Weisgerber I (1992) The use of neuromuscular blocking agents by air medical services. J Air Med Transp 11:7–11PubMed

89.

Rose W, Anderson L, Edmond S (1994) Analysis of intubations. Before and after establishment of a rapid sequence intubation protocol for air medical use. Air Med J 13:475–478PubMed

90.

Sing RF, Reilly PM, Rotondo MF et al (1996) Out-of-hospital rapid-sequence induction for intubation of the pediatric patient. Acad Emerg Med 3:41–45PubMed

91.

Ma OJ, Atchley RB, Hatley T et al (1998) Intubation success rates improve for an air medical program after implementing the use of neuromuscular blocking agents. Am J Emerg Med 16:125–127PubMed

92.

Tayal V, Riggs R, Marx J et al (1999) Rapid-sequence intubation at an emergency medicine residency: success rate and adverse events during a two-year period. Acad Emerg Med 6:31–37PubMed

93.

Wang HE, Sweeney TA, O’Connor RE, Rubinstein H (2001) Failed prehospital intubations: an analysis of emergency department courses and outcomes. Prehosp Emerg Care 5:134–141PubMed

94.

Kaye K, Frascone RJ, Held T (2003) Prehospital rapid-sequence intubation: a pilot training program. Prehosp Emerg Care 7:235–240PubMed

95.

Wang HE, Kupas DF, Paris PM et al (2003) Multivariate predictors of failed prehospital endotracheal intubation. Acad Emerg Med 10:717–724PubMed

96.

Pepe P, Zachariah B, Chandra N (1991) Invasive airway technique in resuscitation. Ann Emerg Med 22:393–403

97.

Eich C, Roessler M, Nemeth M et al (2009) Characteristics and outcome of prehospital paediatric tracheal intubation attended by anaesthesia-trained emergency physicians. Resuscitation 80:1371–1377PubMed

98.

Sagarin MJ, Chiang V, Sakles JC et al (2002) Rapid sequence intubation for pediatric emergency airway management. Pediatr Emerg Care 18:417–423PubMed

99.

Moynihan RJ, Brock-Utne JG, Archer JH et al (1993) The effect of cricoid pressure on preventing gastric insufflation in infants and children. Anesthesiology 78:652–656PubMed

100.

Salem MR, Joseph NJ, Heyman HJ et al (1985) Cricoid compression is effective in obliterating the esophageal lumen in the presence of a nasogastric tube. Anesthesiology 63:443–446PubMed

101.

Walker RW, Ravi R, Haylett K (2010) Effect of cricoid force on airway calibre in children: a bronchoscopic assessment. Br J Anaesth 104:71–74PubMed

102.

Khine HH, Corddry DH, Kettrick RG et al (1997) Comparison of cuffed and uncuffed endotracheal tubes in young children during general anesthesia. Anesthesiology 86:627–631; discussion 27APubMed

103.

Weiss M, Dullenkopf A, Fischer JE et al (2009) Prospective randomized controlled multi-centre trial of cuffed or uncuffed endotracheal tubes in small children. Br J Anaesth 103:867–873PubMed

104.

Duracher C, Schmautz E, Martinon C et al (2008) Evaluation of cuffed tracheal tube size predicted using the Khine formula in children. Paediatr Anaesth 18:113–118PubMed

105.

Dullenkopf A, Kretschmar O, Knirsch W et al (2006) Comparison of tracheal tube cuff diameters with internal transverse diameters of the trachea in children. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 50:201–205PubMed

106.

Dullenkopf A, Gerber AC, Weiss M (2005) Fit and seal characteristics of a new paediatric tracheal tube with high volume-low pressure polyurethane cuff. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 49:232–237PubMed

107.

Salgo B, Schmitz A, Henze G et al (2006) Evaluation of a new recommendation for improved cuffed tracheal tube size selection in infants and small children. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 50:557–561PubMed

108.

Luten RC, Wears RL, Broselow J et al (1992) Length-based endotracheal tube and emergency equipment in pediatrics. Ann Emerg Med 21:900–904PubMed

109.

Deakers TW, Reynolds G, Stretton M, Newth CJ (1994) Cuffed endotracheal tubes in pediatric intensive care. J Pediatr 125:57–62PubMed

110.

Newth CJ, Rachman B, Patel N, Hammer J (2004) The use of cuffed versus uncuffed endotracheal tubes in pediatric intensive care. J Pediatr 144:333–337PubMed

111.

Dorsey DP, Bowman SM, Klein MB et al (2010) Perioperative use of cuffed endotracheal tubes is advantageous in young pediatric burn patients. Burns

112.

Mhanna MJ, Zamel YB, Tichy CM, Super DM (2002) The „air leak“ test around the endotracheal tube, as a predictor of postextubation stridor, is age dependent in children. Crit Care Med 30:2639–2643PubMed

113.

Katz SH, Falk JL (2001) Misplaced endotracheal tubes by paramedics in an urban emergency medical services system. Ann Emerg Med 37:32–37PubMed

114.

Gausche M, Lewis RJ, Stratton SJ et al (2000) Effect of out-of-hospital pediatric endotracheal intubation on survival and neurological outcome: a controlled clinical trial. JAMA 283:783–790PubMed

115.

Kelly JJ, Eynon CA, Kaplan JL et al (1998) Use of tube condensation as an indicator of endotracheal tube placement. Ann Emerg Med 31:575–578PubMed

116.

Andersen KH, Hald A (1989) Assessing the position of the tracheal tube: the reliability of different methods. Anaesthesia 44:984–985PubMed

117.

Andersen KH, Schultz-Lebahn T (1994) Oesophageal intubation can be undetected by auscultation of the chest. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 38:580–582PubMed

118.

Hartrey R, Kestin IG (1995) Movement of oral and nasal tracheal tubes as a result of changes in head and neck position. Anaesthesia 50:682–687PubMed

119.

Van de Louw A, Cracco C, Cerf C et al (2001) Accuracy of pulse oximetry in the intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med 27:1606–1613

120.

Seguin P, Le Rouzo A, Tanguy M et al (2000) Evidence for the need of bedside accuracy of pulse oximetry in an intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 28:703–706PubMed

121.

Tan A, Schulze A, O’Donnell CP, Davis PG (2004) Air versus oxygen for resuscitation of infants at birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD002273

122.

Ramji S, Rasaily R, Mishra PK et al (2003) Resuscitation of asphyxiated newborns with room air or 100% oxygen at birth: a multicentric clinical trial. Indian Pediatr 40:510–517PubMed

123.

Vento M, Asensi M, Sastre J et al (2001) Resuscitation with room air instead of 100% oxygen prevents oxidative stress in moderately asphyxiated term neonates. Pediatrics 107:642–647PubMed

124.

Saugstad OD (2001) Resuscitation of newborn infants with room air or oxygen. Semin Neonatal 6:233–239

125.

Aufderheide TP, Sigurdsson G, Pirrallo RG et al (2004) Hyperventilation-induced hypotension during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation 109:1960–1965PubMed

126.

Aufderheide TP, Lurie KG (2004) Death by hyperventilation: a common and life-threatening problem during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med 32:S345–S351PubMed

127.

Wik L, Kramer-Johansen J, Myklebust H et al (2005) Quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 293:299–304PubMed

128.

Abella BS, Alvarado JP, Myklebust H et al (2005) Quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation during in-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 293:305–310PubMed

129.

Abella BS, Sandbo N, Vassilatos P et al (2005) Chest compression rates during cardiopulmonary resuscitation are suboptimal: a prospective study during in-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 111:428–434PubMed

130.

Borke WB, Munkeby BH, Morkrid L et al (2004) Resuscitation with 100% O(2) does not protect the myocardium in hypoxic newborn piglets. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 89:F156–F160PubMed

131.

O’Neill JF, Deakin CD (2007) Do we hyperventilate cardiac arrest patients? Resuscitation 73:82–85

132.

Stockinger ZT, McSwain NE Jr (2004) Prehospital endotracheal intubation for trauma does not improve survival over bag-valve-mask ventilation. J Trauma 56:531–536PubMed

133.

Pitetti R, Glustein JZ, Bhende MS (2002) Prehospital care and outcome of pediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Prehosp Emerg Care 6:283–290PubMed

134.

Cooper A, DiScala C, Foltin G et al (2001) Prehospital endotracheal intubation for severe head injury in children: a reappraisal. Semin Pediatr Surg 10:3–6PubMed

135.

DiRusso SM, Sullivan T, Risucci D et al (2005) Intubation of pediatric trauma patients in the field: predictor of negative outcome despite risk stratification. J Trauma 59:84–90; discussion -1PubMed

136.

Bhende MS, Thompson AE, Orr RA (1992) Utility of an end-tidal carbon dioxide detector during stabilization and transport of critically ill children. Pediatrics 89(pt 1):1042–1044PubMed

137.

Bhende MS, LaCovey DC (2001) End-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring in the prehospital setting. Prehosp Emerg Care 5:208–213PubMed

138.

Ornato JP, Shipley JB, Racht EM et al (1992) Multicenter study of a portable, hand-size, colorimetric end-tidal carbon dioxide detection device. Ann Emerg Med 21:518–523PubMed

139.

Gonzalez del Rey JA, Poirier MP, Digiulio GA (2000) Evaluation of an ambu-bag valve with a self-contained, colorimetric end-tidal CO2 system in the detection of airway mishaps: an animal trial. Pediatr Emerg Care 16:121–123

140.

Bhende MS, Thompson AE (1995) Evaluation of an end-tidal CO2 detector during pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Pediatrics 95:395–399PubMed

141.

Bhende MS, Karasic DG, Karasic RB (1996) End-tidal carbon dioxide changes during cardiopulmonary resuscitation after experimental asphyxial cardiac arrest. Am J Emerg Med 14:349–350PubMed

142.

De Behnke DJ, Hilander SJ, Dobler DW et al (1995) The hemodynamic and arterial blood gas response to asphyxiation: a canine model of pulseless electrical activity. Resuscitation 30:169–175

143.

Ornato JP, Garnett AR, Glauser FL (1990) Relationship between cardiac output and the end-tidal carbon dioxide tension. Ann Emerg Med 19:1104–1106PubMed

144.

Mauer D, Schneider T, Elich D, Dick W (1998) Carbon dioxide levels during pre-hospital active compression–decompression versus standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 39:67–74PubMed

145.

Kolar M, Krizmaric M, Klemen P, Grmec S (2008) Partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide successful predicts cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the field: a prospective observational study. Crit Care 12:R115PubMed

146.

Callaham M, Barton C, Matthay M (1992) Effect of epinephrine on the ability of end-tidal carbon dioxide readings to predict initial resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 20:337–343PubMed

147.

Cantineau JP, Merckx P, Lambert Y et al (1994) Effect of epinephrine on end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure during prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Am J Emerg Med 12:267–270PubMed

148.

Chase PB, Kern KB, Sanders AB et al (1993) Effects of graded doses of epinephrine on both noninvasive and invasive measures of myocardial perfusion and blood flow during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med 21:413–419PubMed

149.

Gonzalez ER, Ornato JP, Garnett AR et al (1989) Dose-dependent vasopressor response to epinephrine during CPR in human beings. Ann Emerg Med 18:920–926PubMed

150.

Lindberg L, Liao Q, Steen S (2000) The effects of epinephrine/norepinephrine on end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration, coronary perfusion pressure and pulmonary arterial blood flow during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 43:129–140PubMed

151.

Falk JL, Rackow EC, Weil MH (1988) End-tidal carbon dioxide concentration during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. N Engl J Med 318:607–611PubMed

152.

Sharieff GQ, Rodarte A, Wilton N, Bleyle D (2003) The self-inflating bulb as an airway adjunct: is it reliable in children weighing less than 20 kilograms? Acad Emerg Med 10:303–308PubMed

153.

Sharieff GQ, Rodarte A, Wilton N et al (2003) The self-inflating bulb as an esophageal detector device in children weighing more than twenty kilograms: A comparison of two techniques. Ann Emerg Med 41:623–629PubMed

154.

Poirier MP, Gonzalez Del-Rey JA, McAneney CM, DiGiulio GA (1998) Utility of monitoring capnography, pulse oximetry, and vital signs in the detection of airway mishaps: a hyperoxemic animal model. Am J Emerg Med 16:350–352PubMed

155.

Lillis KA, Jaffe DM (1992) Prehospital intravenous access in children. Ann Emerg Med 21:1430–1434PubMed

156.

Neufeld JD, Marx JA, Moore EE, Light AI (1993) Comparison of intraosseous, central, and peripheral routes of crystalloid infusion for resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock in a swine model. J Trauma 34:422–428PubMed

157.

Hedges JR, Barsan WB, Doan LA et al (1984) Central versus peripheral intravenous routes in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Am J Emerg Med 2:385–390PubMed

158.

Kanter RK, Zimmerman JJ, Strauss RH, Stoeckel KA (1986) Pediatric emergency intravenous access. Evaluation of a protocol. Am J Dis Child 140:132–134PubMed

159.

Banerjee S, Singhi SC, Singh S, Singh M (1994) The intraosseous route is a suitable alternative to intravenous route for fluid resuscitation in severely dehydrated children. Indian Pediatr 31:1511–1520PubMed

160.

Glaeser PW, Hellmich TR, Szewczuga D et al (1993) Five-year experience in prehospital intraosseous infusions in children and adults. Ann Emerg Med 22:1119–1124PubMed

161.

Guy J, Haley K, Zuspan SJ (1993) Use of intraosseous infusion in the pediatric trauma patient. J Pediatr Surg 28:158–161PubMed

162.

Orlowski JP, Julius CJ, Petras RE et al (1989) The safety of intraosseous infusions: risks of fat and bone marrow emboli to the lungs. Ann Emerg Med 18:1062–1067PubMed

163.

Orlowski JP, Porembka DT, Gallagher JM et al (1990) Comparison study of intraosseous, central intravenous, and peripheral intravenous infusions of emergency drugs. Am J Dis Child 144:112–117PubMed

164.

Abe KK, Blum GT, Yamamoto LG (2000) Intraosseous is faster and easier than umbilical venous catheterization in newborn emergency vascular access models. Am J Emerg Med 18:126–129PubMed

165.

Ellemunter H, Simma B, Trawoger R, Maurer H (1999) Intraosseous lines in preterm and full term neonates. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 80:F74–F57PubMed

166.

Fiorito BA, Mirza F, Doran TM et al (2005) Intraosseous access in the setting of pediatric critical care transport. Pediatr Crit Care Med 6:50–53PubMed

167.

Horton MA, Beamer C (2008) Powered intraosseous insertion provides safe and effective vascular access for pediatric emergency patients. Pediatr Emerg Care 24:347–350PubMed

168.

Frascone RJ, Jensen J, Wewerka SS, Salzman JG (2009) Use of the pediatric EZ-IO needle by emergency medical services providers. Pediatr Emerg Care 25:329–332PubMed

169.

Cameron JL, Fontanarosa PB, Passalaqua AM (1989) A comparative study of peripheral to central circulation delivery times between intraosseous and intravenous injection using a radionuclide technique in normovolemic and hypovolemic canines. J Emerg Med 7:123–127PubMed

170.

Warren DW, Kissoon N, Sommerauer JF, Rieder MJ (1993) Comparison of fluid infusion rates among peripheral intravenous and humerus, femur, malleolus, and tibial intraosseous sites in normovolemic and hypovolemic piglets. Ann Emerg Med 22:183–186PubMed

171.

Brickman KR, Krupp K, Rega P et al (1992) Typing and screening of blood from intraosseous access. Ann Emerg Med 21:414–417PubMed

172.

Johnson L, Kissoon N, Fiallos M et al (1999) Use of intraosseous blood to assess blood chemistries and hemoglobin during cardiopulmonary resuscitation with drug infusions. Crit Care Med 27:1147–1152PubMed

173.

Ummenhofer W, Frei FJ, Urwyler A, Drewe J (1994) Are laboratory values in bone marrow aspirate predictable for venous blood in paediatric patients? Resuscitation 27:123–128PubMed

174.

Abdelmoneim T, Kissoon N, Johnson L et al (1999) Acid-base status of blood from intraosseous and mixed venous sites during prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation and drug infusions. Crit Care Med 27:1923–1928PubMed

175.

Voelckel WG, Lindner KH, Wenzel V et al (2000) Intraosseous blood gases during hypothermia: correlation with arterial, mixed venous, and sagittal sinus blood. Crit Care Med 28:2915–2920PubMed

176.

Kissoon N, Peterson R, Murphy S et al (1994) Comparison of pH and carbon dioxide tension values of central venous and intraosseous blood during changes in cardiac output. Crit Care Med 22:1010–1015PubMed

177.

Eisenkraft A, Gilat E, Chapman S et al (2007) Efficacy of the bone injection gun in the treatment of organophosphate poisoning. Biopharm Drug Dispos 28:145–150PubMed

178.

Brenner T, Bernhard M, Helm M et al (2008) Comparison of two intraosseous infusion systems for adult emergency medical use. Resuscitation 78:314–319PubMed

179.

Venkataraman ST, Orr RA, Thompson AE (1988) Percutaneous infraclavicular subclavian vein catheterization in critically ill infants and children. J Pediatr 113:480–485PubMed

180.

Fleisher G, Caputo G, Baskin M (1989) Comparison of external jugular and peripheral venous administration of sodium bicarbonate in puppies. Crit Care Med 17:251–254PubMed

181.

Stenzel JP, Green TP, Fuhrman BP et al (1989) Percutaneous femoral venous catheterizations: a prospective study of complications. J Pediatr 114:411–415PubMed

182.

Kleinman ME, Oh W, Stonestreet BS (1999) Comparison of intravenous and endotracheal epinephrine during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in newborn piglets. Crit Care Med 27:2748–2754PubMed

183.

Hahnel JH, Lindner KH, Schurmann C et al (1990) Plasma lidocaine levels and PaO2 with endobronchial administration: dilution with normal saline or distilled water? Ann Emerg Med 19:1314–1317PubMed

184.

Jasani MS, Nadkarni VM, Finkelstein MS et al (1994) Effects of different techniques of endotracheal epinephrine administration in pediatric porcine hypoxic-hypercarbic cardiopulmonary arrest. Crit Care Med 22:1174–1180PubMed

185.

Steinfath M, Scholz J, Schulte am Esch J et al (1995) The technique of endobronchial lidocaine administration does not influence plasma concentration profiles and pharmacokinetic parameters in humans. Resuscitation 29:55–62PubMed

186.

Carcillo JA, Fields AI (2002) Clinical practice parameters for hemodynamic support of pediatric and neonatal patients in septic shock. Crit Care Med 30:1365–1378PubMed

187.

Simma B, Burger R, Falk M et al (1998) A prospective, randomized, and controlled study of fluid management in children with severe head injury: lactated Ringer’s solution versus hypertonic saline. Crit Care Med 26:1265–1270PubMed

188.

Myburgh J, Cooper DJ, Finfer S et al (2007) Saline or albumin for fluid resuscitation in patients with traumatic brain injury. N Engl J Med 357:874–884PubMed

189.

Rocha E, Silva M (1998) Hypertonic saline resuscitation. Medicina (B Aires) 58:393–402

190.

Katz LM, Wang Y, Ebmeyer U et al (1998) Glucose plus insulin infusion improves cerebral outcome after asphyxial cardiac arrest. Neuroreport 9:3363–3367PubMed

191.

Longstreth WT Jr, Copass MK, Dennis LK et al (1993) Intravenous glucose after out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest: a community-based randomized trial. Neurology 43:2534–2541PubMed

192.

Chang YS, Park WS, Ko SY et al (1999) Effects of fasting and insulin-induced hypoglycemia on brain cell membrane function and energy metabolism during hypoxia-ischemia in newborn piglets. Brain Res 844:135–142PubMed

193.

Cherian L, Goodman JC, Robertson CS (1997) Hyperglycemia increases brain injury caused by secondary ischemia after cortical impact injury in rats. Crit Care Med 25:1378–1383PubMed

194.

Paul T, Bertram H, Bokenkamp R, Hausdorf G (2000) Supraventricular tachycardia in infants, children and adolescents: Diagnosis, and pharmacological and interventional therapy. Paediatr Drugs 2:171–181PubMed

195.

Losek JD, Endom E, Dietrich A et al (1999) Adenosine and pediatric supraventricular tachycardia in the emergency department: multicenter study and review. Ann Emerg Med 33:185–191PubMed

196.

Roberts JR, Greenburg MI, Knaub M, Baskin SI (1978) Comparison of the pharmacological effects of epinephrine administered by the intravenous and endotracheal routes. JACEP 7:260–264PubMed

197.

Zaritsky A (1993) Pediatric resuscitation pharmacology. Members of the medications in pediatric resuscitation panel. Ann Emerg Med 22(pt 2):445–455PubMed

198.

Manisterski Y, Vaknin Z, Ben-Abraham R et al (2002) Endotracheal epinephrine: a call for larger doses. Anesth Analg 95:1037–1041, table of contentsPubMed

199.

Efrati O, Ben-Abraham R, Barak A et al (2003) Endobronchial adrenaline: should it be reconsidered? Dose response and haemodynamic effect in dogs. Resuscitation 59:117–122PubMed

200.

Patterson MD, Boenning DA, Klein BL et al (2005) The use of high-dose epinephrine for patients with out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest refractory to prehospital interventions. Pediatr Emerg Care 21:227–237PubMed

201.

Perondi MB, Reis AG, Paiva EF et al (2004) A comparison of high-dose and standard-dose epinephrine in children with cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 350:1722–1730PubMed

202.

Carpenter TC, Stenmark KR (1997) High-dose epinephrine is not superior to standard-dose epinephrine in pediatric in-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest. Pediatrics 99:403–408PubMed

203.

Dieckmann RA, Vardis R (1995) High-dose epinephrine in pediatric out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest. Pediatrics 95:901–913PubMed

204.

Berg RA, Otto CW, Kern KB et al (1994) High-dose epinephrine results in greater early mortality after resuscitation from prolonged cardiac arrest in pigs: a prospective, randomized study. Crit Care Med 22:282–290PubMed

205.

Rubertsson S, Wiklund L (1993) Hemodynamic effects of epinephrine in combination with different alkaline buffers during experimental, open-chest, cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med 21:1051–1057PubMed

206.

Somberg JC, Timar S, Bailin SJ et al (2004) Lack of a hypotensive effect with rapid administration of a new aqueous formulation of intravenous amiodarone. Am J Cardiol 93:576–581PubMed

207.

Yap S-C, Hoomtje T, Sreeram N (2000) Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia after use of intravenous amiodarone for postoperative junctional ectopic tachycardia. Int J Cardiol 76:245–247PubMed

208.

Dauchot P, Gravenstein JS (1971) Effects of atropine on the electrocardiogram in different age groups. Clin Pharmacol Ther 12:274–280PubMed

209.

Yilmaz O, Eser M, Sahiner A (2006) Hypotension, bradycardia and syncope caused by honey poisoning. Resuscitation 68:405–408PubMed

210.

Brady WJ, Swart G, De Behnke DJ et al (1999) The efficacy of atropine in the treatment of hemodynamically unstable bradycardia and atrioventricular block: prehospital and emergency department considerations. Resuscitation 41:47–55PubMed

211.

Smith I, Monk TG, White PF (1994) Comparison of transesophageal atrial pacing with anticholinergic drugs for the treatment of intraoperative bradycardia. Anesth Analg 78:245–252PubMed

212.

Chadda KD, Lichstein E, Gupta PK, Kourtesis P (1977) Effects of atropine in patients with bradyarrhythmia complicating myocardial infarction: usefulness of an optimum dose for overdrive. Am J Med 63:503–510PubMed

213.

Stulz PM, Scheidegger D, Drop LJ et al (1979) Ventricular pump performance during hypocalcemia: clinical and experimental studies. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 78:185–194PubMed

214.

Walraven C van, Stiell IG, Wells GA et al (1998) Do advanced cardiac life support drugs increase resuscitation rates from in-hospital cardiac arrest? The OTAC Study Group. Ann Emerg Med 32:544–553PubMed

215.

Paraskos JA (1986) Cardiovascular pharmacology III: atropine, calcium, calcium blockers, and (beta)-blockers. Circulation 74:IV-86-IV-9

216.

Stueven HA, Thompson B, Aprahamian C et al (1985) The effectiveness of calcium chloride in refractory electromechanical dissociation. Ann Emerg Med 14:626–629PubMed

217.

Stueven HA, Thompson B, Aprahamian C et al (1985) Lack of effectiveness of calcium chloride in refractory asystole. Ann Emerg Med 14:630–632PubMed

218.

Srinivasan V, Morris MC, Helfaer MA et al (2008) Calcium use during in-hospital pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a report from the national registry of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Pediatrics 121:e1144–e1151PubMed

219.

Mos N de, Litsenburg RR van, McCrindle B et al (2006) Pediatric in-intensive-care-unit cardiac arrest: incidence, survival, and predictive factors. Crit Care Med 34:1209–1215PubMed

220.

Meert KL, Donaldson A, Nadkarni V et al (2009) Multicenter cohort study of in-hospital pediatric cardiac arrest. Pediatr Crit Care Med 10:544–553PubMed

221.

Srinivasan V, Spinella PC, Drott HR et al (2004) Association of timing, duration, and intensity of hyperglycemia with intensive care unit mortality in critically ill children. Pediatr Crit Care Med 5:329–336PubMed

222.

Krinsley JS (2004) Effect of an intensive glucose management protocol on the mortality of critically ill adult patients. Mayo Clin Proc 79:992–1000PubMed

223.

Losek JD (2000) Hypoglycemia and the ABC’S (sugar) of pediatric resuscitation. Ann Emerg Med 35:43–46PubMed

224.

Finney SJ, Zekveld C, Elia A, Evans TW (2003) Glucose control and mortality in critically ill patients. JAMA 290:2041–2047PubMed

225.

Losert H, Sterz F, Roine RO et al (2008) Strict normoglycaemic blood glucose levels in the therapeutic management of patients within 12 h after cardiac arrest might not be necessary. Resuscitation 76:214–220PubMed

226.

Oksanen T, Skrifvars MB, Varpula T et al (2007) Strict versus moderate glucose control after resuscitation from ventricular fibrillation. Intensive Care Med 33:2093–2100PubMed

227.

Beardsall K, Vanhaesebrouck S, Ogilvy-Stuart AL et al (2008) Early insulin therapy in very-low-birth-weight infants. N Engl J Med 359:1873–1884PubMed

228.

Vlasselaers D, Milants I, Desmet L et al (2009) Intensive insulin therapy for patients in paediatric intensive care: a prospective, randomised controlled study. Lancet 373:547–556PubMed

229.

Gandhi GY, Murad MH, Flynn DN et al (2008) Effect of perioperative insulin infusion on surgical morbidity and mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials.7. Mayo Clin Proc 83:418–430PubMed

230.

Griesdale DE, Souza RJ de, Dam RM van et al (2009) Intensive insulin therapy and mortality among critically ill patients: a meta-analysis including NICE-SUGAR study data. CMAJ 180:821–827PubMed

231.

Finfer S, Chittock DR, Su SY et al (2009) Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 360:1283–1297PubMed

232.

Allegra J, Lavery R, Cody R et al (2001) Magnesium sulfate in the treatment of refractory ventricular fibrillation in the prehospital setting. Resuscitation 49:245–249PubMed

233.

Tzivoni D, Banai S, Schuger C et al (1988) Treatment of torsade de pointes with magnesium sulfate. Circulation 77:392–397PubMed

234.

Lokesh L, Kumar P, Murki S, Narang A (2004) A randomized controlled trial of sodium bicarbonate in neonatal resuscitation-effect on immediate outcome. Resuscitation 60:219–223PubMed

235.

Bar-Joseph G, Abramson NS, Kelsey SF et al (2005) Improved resuscitation outcome in emergency medical systems with increased usage of sodium bicarbonate during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 49:6–15PubMed

236.

Dorian P, Cass D, Schwartz B et al (2002) Amiodarone as compared with lidocaine for shock-resistant ventricular fibrillation. N Engl J Med 346:884–890PubMed

237.

Walsh EP, Saul JP, Sholler GF et al (1997) Evaluation of a staged treatment protocol for rapid automatic junctional tachycardia after operation for congenital heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 29:1046–1053PubMed

238.

Wang JD, Fu YC, Jan SL, Chi CS (2003) Verapamil sensitive idiopathic ventricular tachycardia in an infant. Jpn Heart J 44:667–671PubMed

239.

Chang PM, Silka MJ, Moromisato DY, Bar-Cohen Y (2010) Amiodarone versus procainamide for the acute treatment of recurrent supraventricular tachycardia in pediatric patients. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 3:134–140PubMed

240.

Singh BN, Kehoe R, Woosley RL et al (1995) Multicenter trial of sotalol compared with procainamide in the suppression of inducible ventricular tachycardia: a double-blind, randomized parallel evaluation. Sotalol Multicenter Study Group. Am Heart J 129:87–97PubMed

241.

Luedtke SA, Kuhn RJ, McCaffrey FM (1997) Pharmacologic management of supraventricular tachycardias in children. Part 1: Wolff-Parkinson-White and atrioventricular nodal reentry. Ann Pharmacother 31:1227–1243PubMed

242.

Luedtke SA, Kuhn RJ, McCaffrey FM (1997) Pharmacologic management of supraventricular tachycardias in children, part 2: atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, and junctional and atrial ectopic tachycardia. Ann Pharmacother 31:1347–1359PubMed

243.

Mandapati R, Byrum CJ, Kavey RE et al (2000) Procainamide for rate control of postsurgical junctional tachycardia. Pediatr Cardiol 21:123–128PubMed

244.

Wang JN, Wu JM, Tsai YC, Lin CS (2000) Ectopic atrial tachycardia in children. J Formos Med Assoc 99:766–770PubMed

245.

Wang R, Schuyler J, Raymond R (1997) The role of the cell membrane bicarbonate exchanger in NaHCO3 therapy of imipramine cardiac dysfunction. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 35:533

246.

Holmes CL, Landry DW, Granton JT (2003) Science review: Vasopressin and the cardiovascular system part 1–receptor physiology. Crit Care 7:427–434PubMed

247.

Voelckel WG, Lurie KG, McKnite S et al (2002) Effects of epinephrine and vasopressin in a piglet model of prolonged ventricular fibrillation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med 30:957–962PubMed

248.

Voelckel WG, Lurie KG, McKnite S et al (2000) Comparison of epinephrine and vasopressin in a pediatric porcine model of asphyxial cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 28:3777–3783PubMed

249.

Mann K, Berg RA, Nadkarni V (2002) Beneficial effects of vasopressin in prolonged pediatric cardiac arrest: a case series. Resuscitation 52:149–156PubMed

250.

Duncan JM, Meaney P, Simpson P et al (2009) Vasopressin for in-hospital pediatric cardiac arrest: results from the American Heart Association National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Pediatr Crit Care Med 10:191–195PubMed

251.

Callaway CW, Hostler D, Doshi AA et al (2006) Usefulness of vasopressin administered with epinephrine during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Am J Cardiol 98:1316–1321PubMed

252.

Gueugniaud PY, David JS, Chanzy E et al (2008) Vasopressin and epinephrine vs. epinephrine alone in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. N Engl J Med 359:21–30PubMed

253.

Mukoyama T, Kinoshita K, Nagao K, Tanjoh K (2009) Reduced effectiveness of vasopressin in repeated doses for patients undergoing prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 80:755–761PubMed

254.

Aung K, Htay T (2005) Vasopressin for cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 165:17–24PubMed

255.

Matok I, Vard A, Efrati O et al (2005) Terlipressin as rescue therapy for intractable hypotension due to septic shock in children. Shock 23:305–310PubMed

256.

Peters MJ, Booth RA, Petros AJ (2004) Terlipressin bolus induces systemic vasoconstriction in septic shock. Pediatr Crit Care Med 5:112–115PubMed

257.

Rodriguez-Nunez A, Lopez-Herce J, Gil-Anton J et al (2006) Rescue treatment with terlipressin in children with refractory septic shock: a clinical study. Crit Care 10:R20PubMed

258.

Gil-Anton J, Lopez-Herce J, Morteruel E et al (2010) Pediatric cardiac arrest refractory to advanced life support: is there a role for terlipressin? Pediatr Crit Care Med 11:139–141PubMed

259.

Rodriguez-Nunez A, Fernandez-Sanmartin M, Martinon-Torres F et al (2004) Terlipressin for catecholamine-resistant septic shock in children. Intensive Care Med 30:477–480PubMed

260.

Yildizdas D, Yapicioglu H, Celik U et al (2008) Terlipressin as a rescue therapy for catecholamine-resistant septic shock in children. Intensive Care Med 34:511–517PubMed

261.

Matok I, Vardi A, Augarten A et al (2007) Beneficial effects of terlipressin in prolonged pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a case series. Crit Care Med 35:1161–1164PubMed

262.

Atkins DL, Kerber RE (1994) Pediatric defibrillation: current flow is improved by using „adult“ electrode paddles. Pediatrics 94:90–93PubMed

263.

Atkins DL, Sirna S, Kieso R et al (1988) Pediatric defibrillation: importance of paddle size in determining transthoracic impedance. Pediatrics 82:914–918PubMed

264.

Deakin C, Sado D, Petley G, Clewlow F (2002) Determining the optimal paddle force for external defibrillation. Am J Cardiol 90:812–813PubMed

265.

Bennetts SH, Deakin CD, Petley GW, Clewlow F (2004) Is optimal paddle force applied during paediatric external defibrillation? Resuscitation 60:29–32PubMed

266.

Berg MD, Banville IL, Chapman FW et al (2008) Attenuating the defibrillation dosage decreases postresuscitation myocardial dysfunction in a swine model of pediatric ventricular fibrillation. Pediatr Crit Care Med 9:429–434PubMed

267.

Atkins DL, Hartley LL, York DK (1998) Accurate recognition and effective treatment of ventricular fibrillation by automated external defibrillators in adolescents. Pediatrics 101:393–397PubMed

268.

Edelson DP, Abella BS, Kramer-Johansen J et al (2006) Effects of compression depth and pre-shock pauses predict defibrillation failure during cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 71:137–145PubMed

269.

Eftestol T, Sunde K, Steen PA (2002) Effects of interrupting precordial compressions on the calculated probability of defibrillation success during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 105:2270–2273PubMed

270.

Saul JP, Scott WA, Brown S et al (2005) Intravenous amiodarone for incessant tachyarrhythmias in children: a randomized, double-blind, antiarrhythmic drug trial. Circulation 112:3470–3477PubMed

271.

Pierpont GL, Kruse JA, Nelson DH (1985) Intra-arterial monitoring during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 11:513–520

272.

Steiger HV, Rimbach K, Muller E, Breitkreutz R (2009) Focused emergency echocardiography: lifesaving tool for a 14-year-old girl suffering out-of-hospital pulseless electrical activity arrest because of cardiac tamponade. Eur J Emerg Med 16:103–105PubMed

273.

Zaritsky A, Nadkarni V, Getson P, Kuehl K (1987) CPR in children. Ann Emerg Med 16:1107–1111PubMed

274.

Mogayzel C, Quan L, Graves JR et al (1995) Out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation in children and adolescents: causes and outcomes. Ann Emerg Med 25:484–491PubMed

275.

Herlitz J, Engdahl J, Svensson L et al (2005) Characteristics and outcome among children suffering from out of hospital cardiac arrest in Sweden. Resuscitation 64:37–40PubMed

276.

Berg RA (2000) Role of mouth-to-mouth rescue breathing in bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation for asphyxial cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 28(Suppl):N193–N195PubMed

277.

Kuisma M, Suominen P, Korpela R (1995) Paediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrests: epidemiology and outcome. Resuscitation 30:141–150PubMed

278.

Kyriacou DN, Arcinue EL, Peek C, Kraus JF (1994) Effect of immediate resuscitation on children with submersion injury. Pediatrics 94(pt 1):137–142PubMed

279.

Berg RA, Hilwig RW, Kern KB, Ewy GA (2000) Bystander chest compressions and assisted ventilation independently improve outcome from piglet asphyxial pulseless „cardiac arrest“. Circulation 101:1743–1748PubMed

280.

Appleton GO, Cummins RO, Larson MP, Graves JR (1995) CPR and the single rescuer: at what age should you „call first“ rather than „call fast“? Ann Emerg Med 25:492–494PubMed

281.

Larsen MP, Eisenberg MS, Cummins RO, Hallstrom AP (1993) Predicting survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a graphic model. Ann Emerg Med 22:1652–1658PubMed

282.

Cobb LA, Fahrenbruch CE, Walsh TR et al (1999) Influence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation prior to defibrillation in patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. JAMA 281:1182–1188PubMed

283.

Wik L, Hansen TB, Fylling F et al (2003) Delaying defibrillation to give basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation to patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation: a randomized trial. JAMA 289:1389–1395PubMed

284.

Jacobs IG, Finn JC, Oxer HF, Jelinek GA (2005) CPR before defibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized trial. Emerg Med Australas 17:39–45PubMed

285.

Somberg JC, Bailin SJ, Haffajee CI et al (2002) Intravenous lidocaine versus intravenous amiodarone (in a new aqueous formulation) for incessant ventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol 90:853–859PubMed

286.

Kudenchuk PJ, Cobb LA, Copass MK et al (1999) Amiodarone for resuscitation after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation. N Engl J Med 341:871–878PubMed

287.

Perry JC, Fenrich AL, Hulse JE et al (1996) Pediatric use of intravenous amiodarone: efficacy and safety in critically ill patients from a multicenter protocol. J Am Coll Cardiol 27:1246–1250PubMed

288.

Cummins RO, Graves JR, Larsen MP et al (1993) Out-of-hospital transcutaneous pacing by emergency medical technicians in patients with asystolic cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 328:1377–1382PubMed

289.

Sreeram N, Wren C (1990) Supraventricular tachycardia in infants: response to initial treatment. Arch Dis Child 65:127–129PubMed

290.

Bianconi L, Castro AMD et al (2000) Comparison of intravenously administered dofetilide versus amiodarone in the acute termination of atrial fibrillation and flutter. A multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Eur Heart J 21:1265–1273PubMed

291.

Burri S, Hug MI, Bauersfeld U (2003) Efficacy and safety of intravenous amiodarone for incessant tachycardias in infants. Eur J Pediatr 162:880–884PubMed

292.

Celiker A, Ceviz N, Ozme S (1998) Effectiveness and safety of intravenous amiodarone in drug-resistant tachyarrhythmias of children. Acta Paediatr Jpn 40:567–572PubMed

293.

Dodge-Khatami A, Miller O, Anderson R et al (2002) Impact of junctional ectopic tachycardia on postoperative morbidity following repair of congenital heart defects. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 21:255–259PubMed

294.

Figa FH, Gow RM, Hamilton RM, Freedom RM (1994) Clinical efficacy and safety of intravenous Amiodarone in infants and children. Am J Cardiol 74:573–577PubMed

295.

Hoffman TM, Bush DM, Wernovsky G et al (2002) Postoperative junctional ectopic tachycardia in children: incidence, risk factors, and treatment. Ann Thorac Surg 74:1607–1611PubMed

296.

Soult JA, Munoz M, Lopez JD et al (1995) Efficacy and safety of intravenous amiodarone for short-term treatment of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in children. Pediatr Cardiol 16:16–19PubMed

297.

Haas NA, Camphausen CK (2008) Acute hemodynamic effects of intravenous amiodarone treatment in pediatric patients with cardiac surgery. Clin Res Cardiol 97:801–810PubMed

298.

Adamson PC, Rhodes LA, Saul JP et al (2006) The pharmacokinetics of esmolol in pediatric subjects with supraventricular arrhythmias. Pediatr Cardiol 27:420–427PubMed

299.

Chrysostomou C, Beerman L, Shiderly D et al (2008) Dexmedetomidine: a novel drug for the treatment of atrial and junctional tachyarrhythmias during the perioperative period for congenital cardiac surgery: a preliminary study. Anesth Analg 107:1514–1522PubMed

300.

Benson D Jr, Smith W, Dunnigan A et al (1982) Mechanisms of regular wide QRS tachycardia in infants and children. Am J Cardiol 49:1778–1788PubMed

301.

Drago F, Mazza A, Guccione P et al (1998) Amiodarone used alone or in combination with propranolol: A very effective therapy for tachyarrhythmias in infants and children. Pediatr Cardiol 19:445–449PubMed

302.

Benson DJ, Dunnigan A, Green T et al (1985) Periodic procainamide for paroxysmal tachycardia. Circulation 72:147–152PubMed

303.

Komatsu C, Ishinaga T, Tateishi O et al (1986) Effects of four antiarrhythmic drugs on the induction and termination of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Jpn Circ J 50:961–972PubMed

304.

Mandel WJ, Laks MM, Obayashi K et al (1975) The Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome: pharmacologic effects of procaine amide. Am Heart J 90:744–754PubMed

305.

Meldon SW, Brady WJ, Berger S, Mannenbach M (1994) Pediatric ventricular tachycardia: a review with three illustrative cases. Pediatr Emerg Care 10:294–300PubMed

306.

Shih JY, Gillette PC, Kugler JD et al (1982) The electrophysiologic effects of procainamide in the immature heart. Pediatr Pharmacol (New York) 2:65–73

307.

Ackerman MJ, Siu BL, Sturner WQ et al (2001) Postmortem molecular analysis of SCN5A defects in sudden infant death syndrome. JAMA 286:2264–2269PubMed

308.

Arnestad M, Crotti L, Rognum TO et al (2007) Prevalence of long-QT syndrome gene variants in sudden infant death syndrome. Circulation 115:361–367PubMed

309.

Cronk LB, Ye B, Kaku T et al (2007) Novel mechanism for sudden infant death syndrome: persistent late sodium current secondary to mutations in caveolin-3. Heart Rhythm 4:161–166PubMed

310.

Millat G, Kugener B, Chevalier P et al (2009) Contribution of long-QT syndrome genetic variants in sudden infant death syndrome. Pediatr Cardiol 30:502–509PubMed

311.

Otagiri T, Kijima K, Osawa M et al (2008) Cardiac ion channel gene mutations in sudden infant death syndrome. Pediatr Res 64:482–487PubMed

312.

Plant LD, Bowers PN, Liu Q et al (2006) A common cardiac sodium channel variant associated with sudden infant death in African Americans, SCN5A S1103Y. J Clin Invest 116:430–435PubMed

313.

Tester DJ, Dura M, Carturan E et al (2007) A mechanism for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): stress-induced leak via ryanodine receptors. Heart Rhythm 4:733–739PubMed

314.

Albert CM, Nam EG, Rimm EB et al (2008) Cardiac sodium channel gene variants and sudden cardiac death in women. Circulation 117:16–23PubMed

315.

Chugh SS, Senashova O, Watts A et al (2004) Postmortem molecular screening in unexplained sudden death. J Am Coll Cardiol 43:1625–1629PubMed

316.

Tester DJ, Spoon DB, Valdivia HH et al (2004) Targeted mutational analysis of the RyR2-encoded cardiac ryanodine receptor in sudden unexplained death: a molecular autopsy of 49 medical examiner/coroner’s cases. Mayo Clin Proc 79:1380–1384PubMed

317.

Calkins CM, Bensard DD, Partrick DA, Karrer FM (2002) A critical analysis of outcome for children sustaining cardiac arrest after blunt trauma. J Pediatr Surg 37:180–184PubMed

318.

Crewdson K, Lockey D, Davies G (2007) Outcome from paediatric cardiac arrest associated with trauma. Resuscitation 75:29–34PubMed

319.

Lopez-Herce Cid J, Dominguez Sampedro P, Rodriguez Nunez A et al (2006) Cardiorespiratory arrest in children with trauma. An Pediatr (Barc) 65:439–447

320.

Perron AD, Sing RF, Branas CC, Huynh T (2001) Predicting survival in pediatric trauma patients receiving cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the prehospital setting. Prehosp Emerg Care 5:6–9PubMed

321.

Sheikh A, Brogan T (1994) Outcome and cost of open- and closed-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pediatric cardiac arrests. Pediatrics 93:392–398PubMed

322.

Beaver BL, Colombani PM, Buck JR et al (1987) Efficacy of emergency room thoracotomy in pediatric trauma. J Pediatr Surg 22:19–23PubMed

323.

Powell RW, Gill EA, Jurkovich GJ, Ramenofsky ML (1988) Resuscitative thoracotomy in children and adolescents. Am Surg 54:188–191PubMed

324.

Rothenberg SS, Moore EE, Moore FA et al (1989) Emergency department thoracotomy in children–a critical analysis. J Trauma 29:1322–1325PubMed

325.

Suominen P, Rasanen J, Kivioja A (1998) Efficacy of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pulseless paediatric trauma patients. Resuscitation 36:9–13PubMed

326.

Graham EM, Forbus GA, Bradley SM et al (2006) Incidence and outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in patients with shunted single ventricle: advantage of right ventricle to pulmonary artery shunt. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 131:e7–e8PubMed

327.

Charpie JR, Dekeon MK, Goldberg CS et al (2001) Postoperative hemodynamics after Norwood palliation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Am J Cardiol 87:198–202PubMed

328.

Hoffman GM, Mussatto KA, Brosig CL et al (2005) Systemic venous oxygen saturation after the Norwood procedure and childhood neurodevelopmental outcome. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 130:1094–1100PubMed

329.

Johnson BA, Hoffman GM, Tweddell JS et al (2009) Near-infrared spectroscopy in neonates before palliation of hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Ann Thorac Surg 87:571–577; discussion 7–9PubMed

330.

Hoffman GM, Tweddell JS, Ghanayem NS et al (2004) Alteration of the critical arteriovenous oxygen saturation relationship by sustained afterload reduction after the Norwood procedure. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 127:738–745PubMed

331.

De Oliveira NC, Van Arsdell GS (2004) Practical use of alpha blockade strategy in the management of hypoplastic left heart syndrome following stage one palliation with a Blalock-Taussig shunt. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Pediatr Card Surg Annu 7:11–15

332.

Tweddell JS, Hoffman GM, Mussatto KA et al (2002) Improved survival of patients undergoing palliation of hypoplastic left heart syndrome: lessons learned from 115 consecutive patients. Circulation 106:I82–189PubMed

333.

Shekerdemian LS, Shore DF, Lincoln C et al (1996) Negative-pressure ventilation improves cardiac output after right heart surgery. Circulation 94:II49–II55PubMed

334.

Shekerdemian LS, Bush A, Shore DF et al (1997) Cardiopulmonary interactions after Fontan operations: augmentation of cardiac output using negative pressure ventilation. Circulation 96:3934–3942PubMed

335.

Booth KL, Roth SJ, Thiagarajan RR et al (2004) Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support of the Fontan and bidirectional Glenn circulations. Ann Thorac Surg 77:1341–1348PubMed

336.

Polderman FN, Cohen J, Blom NA et al (2004) Sudden unexpected death in children with a previously diagnosed cardiovascular disorder. Int J Cardiol 95:171–176PubMed

337.

Sanatani S, Wilson G, Smith CR et al (2006) Sudden unexpected death in children with heart disease. Congenit Heart Dis 1:89–97PubMed

338.

Morris K, Beghetti M, Petros A et al (2000) Comparison of hyperventilation and inhaled nitric oxide for pulmonary hypertension after repair of congenital heart disease. Crit Care Med 28:2974–2978PubMed

339.

Hoeper MM, Galie N, Murali S et al (2002) Outcome after cardiopulmonary resuscitation in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165:341–344PubMed

340.

Rimensberger PC, Spahr-Schopfer I, Berner M et al (2001) Inhaled nitric oxide versus aerosolized iloprost in secondary pulmonary hypertension in children with congenital heart disease: vasodilator capacity and cellular mechanisms. Circulation 103:544–548PubMed

341.

Liu KS, Tsai FC, Huang YK et al (2009) Extracorporeal life support: a simple and effective weapon for postcardiotomy right ventricular failure. Artif Organs 33:504–508PubMed

342.

Dhillon R, Pearson GA, Firmin RK et al (1995) Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and the treatment of critical pulmonary hypertension in congenital heart disease. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 9:553–556PubMed

343.

Arpesella G, Loforte A, Mikus E, Mikus PM (2008) Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for primary allograft failure. Transplant Proc 40:3596–3597PubMed

344.

Strueber M, Hoeper MM, Fischer S et al (2009) Bridge to thoracic organ transplantation in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension using a pumpless lung assist device. Am J Transplant 9:853–857PubMed

345.

Nolan JP, Neumar RW, Adrie C et al (2008) Post-cardiac arrest syndrome: epidemiology, pathophysiology, treatment, and prognostication. A scientific statement from the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation; the American Heart Association Emergency Cardiovascular Care Committee; the Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; the Council on Cardiopulmonary, Perioperative, and Critical Care; the Council on Clinical Cardiology; the Council on Stroke. Resuscitation 79:350–379PubMed

346.

Hildebrand CA, Hartmann AG, Arcinue EL et al (1988) Cardiac performance in pediatric near-drowning. Crit Care Med 16:331–335PubMed

347.

Checchia PA, Sehra R, Moynihan J et al (2003) Myocardial injury in children following resuscitation after cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 57:131–137PubMed

348.

Mayr V, Luckner G, Jochberger S et al (2007) Arginine vasopressin in advanced cardiovascular failure during the post-resuscitation phase after cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 72:35–44PubMed

349.

Huang L, Weil MH, Sun S et al (2005) Levosimendan improves postresuscitation outcomes in a rat model of CPR. J Lab Clin Med 146:256–261PubMed

350.

Huang L, Weil MH, Tang W et al (2005) Comparison between dobutamine and levosimendan for management of postresuscitation myocardial dysfunction. Crit Care Med 33:487–491PubMed

351.

Kern KB, Hilwig RW, Rhee KH, Berg RA (1996) Myocardial dysfunction after resuscitation from cardiac arrest: an example of global myocardial stunning. J Am Coll Cardiol 28:232–240PubMed

352.

Meyer RJ, Kern KB, Berg RA et al (2002) Post-resuscitation right ventricular dysfunction: delineation and treatment with dobutamine. Resuscitation 55:187–191PubMed

353.

Studer W, Wu X, Siegemund M et al (2005) Influence of dobutamine on the variables of systemic haemodynamics, metabolism, and intestinal perfusion after cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the rat. Resuscitation 64:227–232PubMed

354.

Vasquez A, Kern KB, Hilwig RW et al (2004) Optimal dosing of dobutamine for treating post-resuscitation left ventricular dysfunction. Resuscitation 61:199–207PubMed

355.

Hoffman TM, Wernovsky G, Atz AM et al (2003) Efficacy and safety of milrinone in preventing low cardiac output syndrome in infants and children after corrective surgery for congenital heart disease. Circulation 107:996–1002PubMed

356.

Alvarez J, Bouzada M, Fernandez AL et al (2006) Hemodynamic effects of levosimendan compared with dobutamine in patients with low cardiac output after cardiac surgery. Rev Esp Cardiol 59:338–345PubMed

357.

Jorgensen K, Bech-Hanssen O, Houltz E, Ricksten SE (2008) Effects of levosimendan on left ventricular relaxation and early filling at maintained preload and afterload conditions after aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis. Circulation 117:1075–1081PubMed

358.

Lobato EB, Willert JL, Looke TD et al (2005) Effects of milrinone versus epinephrine on left ventricular relaxation after cardiopulmonary bypass following myocardial revascularization: assessment by color m-mode and tissue Doppler. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 19:334–339PubMed

359.

Nijhawan N, Nicolosi AC, Montgomery MW et al (1999) Levosimendan enhances cardiac performance after cardiopulmonary bypass: a prospective, randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 34:219–228PubMed

360.

Hickey RW, Kochanek PM, Ferimer H et al (2000) Hypothermia and hyperthermia in children after resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Pediatrics 106(pt 1):118–122PubMed

361.

(o A) (2002) Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 346:549–556

362.

Bernard SA, Gray TW, Buist MD et al (2002) Treatment of comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with induced hypothermia. N Engl J Med 346:557–563PubMed

363.

Gluckman PD, Wyatt JS, Azzopardi D et al (2005) Selective head cooling with mild systemic hypothermia after neonatal encephalopathy: multicentre randomised trial. Lancet 365:663–670PubMed

364.

Battin MR, Penrice J, Gunn TR, Gunn AJ (2003) Treatment of term infants with head cooling and mild systemic hypothermia (35.0 degrees C and 34.5 degrees C) after perinatal asphyxia. Pediatrics 111:244–251PubMed

365.

Compagnoni G, Pogliani L, Lista G et al (2002) Hypothermia reduces neurological damage in asphyxiated newborn infants. Biol Neonate 82:222–227PubMed

366.

Gunn AJ, Gunn TR, Gunning MI et al (1998) Neuroprotection with prolonged head cooling started before postischemic seizures in fetal sheep. Pediatrics 102:1098–1106PubMed

367.

Debillon T, Daoud P, Durand P et al (2003) Whole-body cooling after perinatal asphyxia: a pilot study in term neonates. Dev Med Child Neurol 45:17–23PubMed

368.

Shankaran S, Laptook AR, Ehrenkranz RA et al (2005) Whole-body hypothermia for neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. N Engl J Med 353:1574–1584PubMed

369.

Doherty DR, Parshuram CS, Gaboury I et al (2009) Hypothermia therapy after pediatric cardiac arrest. Circulation 119:1492–1500PubMed

370.

Hachimi-Idrissi S, Corne L, Ebinger G et al (2001) Mild hypothermia induced by a helmet device: a clinical feasibility study. Resuscitation 51:275–281PubMed

371.

Bernard S, Buist M, Monteiro O, Smith K (2003) Induced hypothermia using large volume, ice-cold intravenous fluid in comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a preliminary report. Resuscitation 56:9–13PubMed

372.

Kliegel A, Losert H, Sterz F et al (2005) Cold simple intravenous infusions preceding special endovascular cooling for faster induction of mild hypothermia after cardiac arrest–a feasibility study. Resuscitation 64:347–351PubMed

373.

Polderman KH (2004) Application of therapeutic hypothermia in the ICU: opportunities and pitfalls of a promising treatment modality. Part 1: Indications and evidence. Intensive Care Med 30:556–575PubMed

374.

Polderman KH (2004) Application of therapeutic hypothermia in the intensive care unit. Opportunities and pitfalls of a promising treatment modality–Part 2: Practical aspects and side effects. Intensive Care Med 30:757–769PubMed

375.

Polderman KH, Peerdeman SM, Girbes AR (2001) Hypophosphatemia and hypomagnesemia induced by cooling in patients with severe head injury. J Neurosurg 94:697–705PubMed

376.

Zeiner A, Holzer M, Sterz F et al (2001) Hyperthermia after cardiac arrest is associated with an unfavorable neurologic outcome. Arch Intern Med 161:2007–2012PubMed

377.

Takino M, Okada Y (1991) Hyperthermia following cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Intensive Care Med 17:419–420PubMed

378.

Takasu A, Saitoh D, Kaneko N et al (2001) Hyperthermia: is it an ominous sign after cardiac arrest? Resuscitation 49:273–277PubMed

379.

Coimbra C, Boris-Moller F, Drake M, Wieloch T (1996) Diminished neuronal damage in the rat brain by late treatment with the antipyretic drug dipyrone or cooling following cerebral ischemia. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 92:447–453

380.

Coimbra C, Drake M, Boris-Moller F, Wieloch T (1996) Long-lasting neuroprotective effect of postischemic hypothermia and treatment with an anti-inflammatory/antipyretic drug. Evidence for chronic encephalopathic processes following ischemia. Stroke 27:1578–1585PubMed

381.

Berghe G van den, Wouters P, Weekers F et al (2001) Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 345:1359–1367PubMed

382.

Van Berghe G den, Wilmer A, Hermans G et al (2006) Intensive insulin therapy in the medical ICU. N Engl J Med 354:449–461

383.

Wiener RS, Wiener DC, Larson RJ (2008) Benefits and risks of tight glucose control in critically ill adults: a meta-analysis. JAMA 300:933–944PubMed

384.

Treggiari MM, Karir V, Yanez ND et al (2008) Intensive insulin therapy and mortality in critically ill patients. Crit Care 12:R29PubMed

385.

Slonim AD, Patel KM, Ruttimann UE, Pollack MM (1997) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pediatric intensive care units. Crit Care Med 25:1951–1955PubMed

386.

Rodriguez-Nunez A, Lopez-Herce J, Garcia C et al (2006) Effectiveness and long-term outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in paediatric intensive care units in Spain. Resuscitation 71:301–309PubMed

387.

Nadkarni VM, Larkin GL, Peberdy MA et al (2006) First documented rhythm and clinical outcome from in-hospital cardiac arrest among children and adults. JAMA 295:50–57PubMed

388.

Meaney PA, Nadkarni VM, Cook EF et al (2006) Higher survival rates among younger patients after pediatric intensive care unit cardiac arrests. Pediatrics 118:2424–2433PubMed

389.

Tibballs J, Kinney S (2006) A prospective study of outcome of in-patient paediatric cardiopulmonary arrest. Resuscitation 71:310–318PubMed

390.

Gillis J, Dickson D, Rieder M et al (1986) Results of inpatient pediatric resuscitation. Crit Care Med 14:469–471PubMed

391.

Schindler MB, Bohn D, Cox PN et al (1996) Outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac or respiratory arrest in children. N Engl J Med 335:1473–1479PubMed

392.

Suominen P, Korpela R, Kuisma M et al (1997) Paediatric cardiac arrest and resuscitation provided by physician-staffed emergency care units. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 41:260–265PubMed

393.

Lopez-Herce J, Garcia C, Dominguez P et al (2005) Outcome of out-of-hospital cardiorespiratory arrest in children. Pediatr Emerg Care 21:807–815PubMed

394.

Lopez-Herce J, Garcia C, Dominguez P et al (2004) Characteristics and outcome of cardiorespiratory arrest in children. Resuscitation 63:311–320PubMed

395.

Hazinski MF, Chahine AA, Holcomb GW 3rd, Morris JA Jr (1994) Outcome of cardiovascular collapse in pediatric blunt trauma. Ann Emerg Med 23:1229–1235PubMed

396.

Morris MC, Wernovsky G, Nadkarni VM (2004) Survival outcomes after extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation instituted during active chest compressions following refractory in-hospital pediatric cardiac arrest. Pediatr Crit Care Med 5:440–446PubMed

397.

Duncan BW, Ibrahim AE, Hraska V et al (1998) Use of rapid-deployment extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for the resuscitation of pediatric patients with heart disease after cardiac arrest. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 116:305–311PubMed

398.

Parra DA, Totapally BR, Zahn E et al (2000) Outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a pediatric cardiac intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 28:3296–3300PubMed

399.

Idris AH, Berg RA, Bierens J et al (2003) Recommended guidelines for uniform reporting of data from drowning: The „Utstein style“. Resuscitation 59:45–57PubMed

400.

Eich C, Brauer A, Timmermann A et al (2007) Outcome of 12 drowned children with attempted resuscitation on cardiopulmonary bypass: an analysis of variables based on the „Utstein Style for Drowning“. Resuscitation 75:42–52PubMed

401.

Dudley NC, Hansen KW, Furnival RA et al (2009) The effect of family presence on the efficiency of pediatric trauma resuscitations. Ann Emerg Med 53:777–784 e3PubMed

402.

Tinsley C, Hill JB, Shah J et al (2008) Experience of families during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a pediatric intensive care unit. Pediatrics 122:e799–e804PubMed

403.

Mangurten J, Scott SH, Guzzetta CE et al (2006) Effects of family presence during resuscitation and invasive procedures in a pediatric emergency department. J Emerg Nurs 32:225–233PubMed

404.

McGahey-Oakland PR, Lieder HS, Young A et al (2007) Family experiences during resuscitation at a children’s hospital emergency department. J Pediatr Health Care 21:217–225PubMed

405.

Jones M, Qazi M, Young KD (2005) Ethnic differences in parent preference to be present for painful medical procedures. Pediatrics 116:e191–e197PubMed

406.

Boie ET, Moore GP, Brummett C, Nelson DR (1999) Do parents want to be present during invasive procedures performed on their children in the emergency department? A survey of 400 parents. Ann Emerg Med 34:70–74PubMed

407.

Andrews R, Andrews R (2004) Family presence during a failed major trauma resuscitation attempt of a 15-year-old boy: lessons learned. [see comment]. J Emerg Nurs 30:556–558PubMed

408.

Dill K, Gance-Cleveland B, Dill K, Gance-Cleveland B (2005) With you until the end: family presence during failed resuscitation. J Spec Pediatr Nurs 10:204–207PubMed

409.

Gold KJ, Gorenflo DW, Schwenk TL et al (2006) Physician experience with family presence during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in children. [see comment]. Pediatr Crit Care Med 7:428–433PubMed

410.

Duran CR, Oman KS, Abel JJ et al (2007) Attitudes toward and beliefs about family presence: A survey of healthcare providers, patients‘ families, and patients. Am J Crit Care 16:270–279PubMed

411.

Meyers TA, Eichhorn DJ, Guzzetta CE et al (2000) Family presence during invasive procedures and resuscitation. Am J Nurs 100:32–42; quiz 3PubMed

412.

O’Connell KJ, Farah MM, Spandorfer P et al (2007) Family presence during pediatric trauma team activation: an assessment of a structured program. Pediatrics 120:e565–e574

413.

Engel KG, Barnosky AR, Berry-Bovia M et al (2007) Provider experience and attitudes toward family presence during resuscitation procedures. J Palliat Med 10:1007–1009PubMed

414.

Holzhauser K, Finucane J, De Vries S (2005) Family Presence During Resuscitation: A Randomised Controlled Trial of The Impact of Family Presence. Australasian Emergency Nursing Journal 8:139–147

415.

Doyle CJ, Post H, Burney RE et al (1987) Family participation during resuscitation: an option. Ann Emerg Med 16:673–675PubMed

416.

Meyers TA, Eichhorn DJ, Guzzetta CE (1998) Do families want to be present during CPR? A retrospective survey. J Emerg Nurs 24:400–405PubMed

417.

Hanson C, Strawser D (1992) Family presence during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: Foote Hospital emergency department’s nine-year perspective. J Emerg Nurs 18:104–106PubMed

418.

Robinson SM, Mackenzie-Ross S, Campbell Hewson GL et al (1998) Psychological effect of witnessed resuscitation on bereaved relatives. Lancet 352:614–617PubMed

419.

Compton S, Madgy A, Goldstein M et al (2006) Emergency medical service providers‘ experience with family presence during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 70:223–228PubMed

420.

Beckman AW, Sloan BK, Moore GP et al (2002) Should parents be present during emergency department procedures on children, and who should make that decision? A survey of emergency physician and nurse attitudes. Acad Emerg Med 9:154–158PubMed

421.

Eppich WJ, Arnold LD (2003) Family member presence in the pediatric emergency department. Curr Opin Pediatr 15:294–298PubMed

422.

Eichhorn DJ, Meyers TA, Mitchell TG, Guzzetta CE (1996) Opening the doors: family presence during resuscitation. J Cardiovasc Nurs 10:59–70PubMed

423.

Jarvis AS (1998) Parental presence during resuscitation: attitudes of staff on a paediatric intensive care unit. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 14:3–7PubMed

Springerpflege

Lebensrettende Maßnahmen bei Kindern („paediatric life support“)

Sektion 6 der Leitlinien zur Reanimation 2010 des European Resuscitation Council

Auszug

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 7/2010

Unterrichtsprinzipien zur Wiederbelebung

Ethik der Reanimation und Entscheidungen am Lebensende

Foreword

The ILCOR process for developing guidelines

Elektrotherapie: automatisierte externe Defibrillatoren, Defibrillation, Kardioversion und Schrittmachertherapie

Vorwort zu den Leitlinien zur Reanimation 2010 des European Resuscitation Council