Lebensrettende Maßnahmen bei Kindern (Paediatric Life Support, PLS)

1.

Zideman D, Bingham R, Beattie T et al. (1994) Guidelines for paediatric life support: A Statement by the Paediatric Life Support Working Party of the European Resuscitation Council, 1993. Resuscitation 27: 91–105

2.

European Resuscitation Council (1998) Paediatric life support: (including the recommendations for resuscitation of babies at birth). Resuscitation 37: 95–96

3.

Phillips B, Zideman D, Garcia-Castrillo L, Felix M, Shwarz-Schwierin U (2001) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2000 for Basic Paediatric Life Support. A statement from the Paediatric Life Support Working Group and approved by the Executive Committee of the European Resuscitation Council. Resuscitation 48: 223–229PubMed

4.

Phillips B, Zideman D, Garcia-Castrillo L, Felix M, Shwarz-Schwierin V (2001) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2000 for Advanced Paediatric Life Support. A statement from Paediatric Life Support Working Group and approved by the Executive Committee of the European Resuscitation Council. Resuscitation 48: 231–234PubMed

5.

American Heart Association in collaboration with International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (2000) Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care — an international consensus on science. Resuscitation 46: 3–430

6.

American Heart Association in collaboration with International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (2000) Guidelines 2000 for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care: International Consensus on Science. Circulation 102(Suppl I): 1–370

7.

International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (2005) International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Resuscitation 67: 157–341

8.

International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (2005) International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Circulation 67: 112: 1–211

9.

Kuisma M, Suominen P, Korpela R (1995) Paediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrests: epidemiology and outcome. Resuscitation 30: 141–150PubMed

10.

Kyriacou DN, Arcinue EL, Peek C, Kraus JF (1994) Effect of immediate resuscitation on children with submersion injury. Pediatrics 94: 137–142PubMed

11.

Berg RA, Hilwig RW, Kern KB, Ewy GA (2000) „Bystander“ chest compressions and assisted ventilation independently improve outcome from piglet asphyxial pulseless „cardiac arrest“. Circulation 101: 1743–1748PubMed

12.

Young KD, Seidel JS (1999) Pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a collective review. Ann Emerg Med 33: 195–205PubMed

13.

Berg RA, Hilwig RW, Kern KB, Babar I, Ewy GA (1999) Simulated mouth-to-mouth ventilation and chest compressions (bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation) improves outcome in a swine model of prehospital pediatric asphyxial cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 27: 1893–1899PubMed

14.

Dorph E, Wik L, Steen PA (2002) Effectiveness of ventilation-compression ratios 1: 5 and 2: 15 in simulated single rescuer paediatric resuscitation. Resuscitation 54: 259–264PubMed

15.

Turner I, Turner S, Armstrong V (2002) Does the compression to ventilation ratio affect the quality of CPR: a simulation study. Resuscitation 52: 55–62PubMed

16.

Babbs CF, Kern KB (2002) Optimum compression to ventilation ratios in CPR under realistic, practical conditions: a physiological and mathematical analysis. Resuscitation 54: 147–157PubMed

17.

Babbs CF, Nadkarni V (2004) Optimizing chest compression to rescue ventilation ratios during one-rescuer CPR by professionals and lay persons: children are not just little adults. Resuscitation 61: 173–181PubMed

18.

Whyte SD, Wyllie JP (1999) Paediatric basic life support: a practical assessment. Resuscitation 41: 153–157PubMed

19.

Safranek DJ, Eisenberg MS, Larsen MP (1992) The epidemiology of cardiac arrest in young adults. Ann Emerg Med 21: 1102–1106PubMed

20.

Clements F, McGowan J (2000) Finger position for chest compressions in cardiac arrest in infants. Resuscitation 44: 43–46PubMed

21.

Houri PK, Frank LR, Menegazzi JJ, Taylor R (1997) A randomized, controlled trial of two-thumb vs two-finger chest compression in a swine infant model of cardiac arrest. Prehosp Emerg Care 1: 65–67PubMed

22.

David R (1988) Closed chest cardiac massage in the newborn infant. Pediatrics 81: 552–554PubMed

23.

Dorfsman ML, Menegazzi JJ, Wadas RJ, Auble TE (2000) Two-thumb vs two-finger chest compression in an infant model of prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Acad Emerg Med 7: 1077–1082PubMed

24.

Whitelaw CC, Slywka B, Goldsmith LJ (2000) Comparison of a two-finger versus two-thumb method for chest compressions by healthcare providers in an infant mechanical model. Resuscitation 43: 213–216PubMed

25.

Menegazzi JJ, Auble TE, Nicklas KA, Hosack GM, Rack L, Goode JS (1993) Two-thumb versus two-finger chest compression during CRP in a swine infant model of cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 22: 240–243PubMed

26.

Stevenson AG, McGowan J, Evans AL, Graham CA (2005) CPR for children: one hand or two? Resuscitation 64: 205–208PubMed

27.

Gurnett CA, Atkins DL (2000) Successful use of a biphasic waveform automated external defibrillator in a high-risk child. Am J Cardiol 86: 1051–1053PubMed

28.

Konig B, Benger J, Goldsworthy L (2005) Automatic external defibrillation in a 6 year old. Arch Dis Child 90: 310–311PubMedPubMedCentral

29.

Atkinson E, Mikysa B, Conway JA et al. (2003) Specificity and sensitivity of automated external defibrillator rhythm analysis in infants and children. Ann Emerg Med 42: 185–196PubMed

30.

Cecchin F, Jorgenson DB, Berul CI et al. (2001) Is arrhythmia detection by automatic external defibrillator accurate for children? Sensitivity and specificity of an automatic external defibrillator algorithm in 696 pediatric arrhythmias. Circulation 103: 2483–2488PubMed

31.

Samson R, Berg R, Bingham R, Pediatric Advanced Life Support Task Force ILCoR (2003) Use of automated external defibrillators for children: an update. An advisory statement from the Pediatric Advanced Life Support Task Force of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. Resuscitation 57: 237–243PubMed

32.

Jorgenson D, Morgan C, Snyder D et al. (2002) Energy attenuator for pediatric application of an automated external defibrillator. Crit Care Med 30: 145–147

33.

Tang W, Weil MH, Jorgenson D et al. (2002) Fixed-energy biphasic waveform defibrillation in a pediatric model of cardiac arrest and resuscitation. Crit Care Med 30: 2736–2741PubMed

34.

Berg RA, Chapman FW, Berg MD et al. (2004) Attenuated adult biphasic shocks compared with weight-based monophasic shocks in a swine model of prolonged pediatric ventricular fibrillation. Resuscitation 61: 189–197PubMed

35.

Berg RA, Samson RA, Berg MD et al. (2005) Better outcome after pediatric defibrillation dosage than adult dosage in a swine model of pediatric ventricular fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 45: 786–789PubMed

36.

Rossano JQ, L. Schiff, MA. Kenney MA (2003) Atkins DL. Survival is not correlated with defibrillation dosing in pediatric out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. Circulation 108: 320–321

37.

Clark CB, Zhang Y, Davies LR, Karlsson G, Kerber RE (2001) Pediatric transthoracic defibrillation: biphasic versus monophasic waveforms in an experimental model. Resuscitation 51: 159–163PubMed

38.

Schneider T, Martens PR, Paschen H et al. (2000) Multicenter, randomized, controlled trial of 150-J biphasic shocks compared with 200- to 360-J monophasic shocks in the resuscitation of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest victims. Optimized Response to Cardiac Arrest (ORCA) Investigators. Circulation 102: 1780–1787PubMed

39.

Faddy SC, Powell J, Craig JC (2003) Biphasic and monophasic shocks for transthoracic defibrillation: A meta analysis of randomised controlled trials. Resuscitation 58: 9–16PubMed

40.

van Alem AP, Chapman FW, Lank P, Hart AA, Koster RW (2003) A prospective, randomised and blinded comparison of first shock success of monophasic and biphasic waveforms in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 58: 17–24

41.

Redding JS (1979) The choking controversy: critique of evidence on the Heimlich maneuver. Crit Care Med 7: 475–479PubMed

42.

International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (2005) Adult Basic Life Support, Part 2. 2005 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Resuscitation 67

43.

Sirbaugh PE, Pepe PE, Shook JE et al. (1999) A prospective, population-based study of the demographics, epidemiology, management, and outcome of out-of-hospital pediatric cardiopulmonary arrest. Ann Emerg Med 33: 174–184PubMed

44.

Hickey RW, Cohen DM, Strausbaugh S, Dietrich AM (1995) Pediatric patients requiring CPR in the prehospital setting. Ann Emerg Med 25: 495–501PubMed

45.

Reis AG, Nadkarni V, Perondi MB, Grisi S, Berg RA (2002) A prospective investigation into the epidemiology of in-hospital pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation using the international Utstein reporting style. Pediatrics 109: 200–209PubMed

46.

Young KD, Gausche-Hill M, McClung CD, Lewis RJ (2004) A prospective, population-based study of the epidemiology and outcome of out-of-hospital pediatric cardiopulmonary arrest. Pediatrics 114: 157–164PubMed

47.

Richman PB, Nashed AH (1999) The etiology of cardiac arrest in children and young adults: special considerations for ED management. Am J Emerg Med 17: 264–270PubMed

48.

Engdahl J, Bang A, Karlson BW, Lindqvist J, Herlitz J (2003) Characteristics and outcome among patients suffering from out of hospital cardiac arrest of non-cardiac aetiology. Resuscitation 57: 33–41PubMed

49.

Carcillo JA (2003) Pediatric septic shock and multiple organ failure. Crit Care Clin 19: 413–440PubMed

50.

Eberle B, Dick WF, Schneider T, Wisser G, Doetsch S, Tzanova I (1996) Checking the carotid pulse check: diagnostic accuracy of first responders in patients with and without a pulse. Resuscitation 33: 107–116PubMed

51.

Moule P (2000) Checking the carotid pulse: diagnostic accuracy in students of the healthcare professions. Resuscitation 44: 195–201PubMed

52.

Lapostolle F, Le Toumelin P, Agostinucci JM, Catineau J, Adnet F (2004) Basic cardiac life support providers checking the carotid pulse: performance, degree of conviction, and influencing factors. Acad Emerg Med 11: 878–880PubMed

53.

Frederick K, Bixby E, Orzel MN, Stewart-Brown S, Willett K (2002) Will changing the emphasis from ‚pulseless‘ to ‚no signs of circulation‘ improve the recall scores for effective life support skills in children? Resuscitation 55: 255–261PubMed

54.

Park C, Bahk JH, Ahn WS, Do SH, Lee KH (2001) The laryngeal mask airway in infants and children. Can J Anaesth 48: 413–417PubMed

55.

Hedges JR, Dronen SC, Feero S, Hawkins S, Syverud SA, Shultz B (1988) Succinylcholine-assisted intubations in prehospital care. Ann Emerg Med 17: 469–472PubMed

56.

Murphy-Macabobby M, Marshall WJ, Schneider C, Dries D (1992) Neuromuscular blockade in aeromedical airway management. Ann Emerg Med 21: 664–668PubMed

57.

Sayre M, Weisgerber I (1992) The use of neuromuscular blocking agents by air medical services. J Air Med Transp 11: 7–11PubMed

58.

Rose W, Anderson L, Edmond S (1994) Analysis of intubations. Before and after establishment of a rapid sequence intubation protocol for air medical use. Air Med J 13: 475–478PubMed

59.

Sing RF, Reilly PM, Rotondo MF, Lynch MJ, McCans JP, Schwab CW (1996) Out-of-hospital rapid-sequence induction for intubation of the pediatric patient. Acad Emerg Med 3: 41–45PubMed

60.

Ma OJ, Atchley RB, Hatley T, Green M, Young J, Brady W (1998) Intubation success rates improve for an air medical program after implementing the use of neuromuscular blocking agents. Am J Emerg Med 16: 125–127PubMed

61.

Tayal V, Riggs R, Marx J, Tomaszewski C, Schneider R (1999) Rapid-sequence intubation at an emergency medicine residency: success rate and adverse events during a two-year period. Acad Emerg Med 6: 31–37PubMed

62.

Wang HE, Sweeney TA, O’Connor RE, Rubinstein H (2001) Failed prehospital intubations: an analysis of emergency department courses and outcomes. Prehosp Emerg Care 5: 134–141PubMed

63.

Sagarin MJ, Chiang V, Sakles JC et al. (2002) Rapid sequence intubation for pediatric emergency airway management. Pediatr Emerg Care 18: 417–423PubMed

64.

Kaye K, Frascone RJ, Held T (2003) Prehospital rapid-sequence intubation: a pilot training program. Prehosp Emerg Care 7: 235–240PubMed

65.

Wang HE, Kupas DF, Paris PM, Bates RR, Costantino JP, Yealy DM (2003) Multivariate predictors of failed prehospital endotracheal intubation. Acad Emerg Med 10: 717–724PubMed

66.

Pepe P, Zachariah B, Chandra N (1991) Invasive airway technique in resuscitation. Ann Emerg Med 22: 393–403

67.

Luten RC, Wears RL, Broselow J et al. (1992) Length-based endotracheal tube and emergency equipment in pediatrics. Ann Emerg Med 21: 900–904PubMed

68.

Deakers TW, Reynolds G, Stretton M, Newth CJ (1994) Cuffed endotracheal tubes in pediatric intensive care. J Pediatr 125: 57–62PubMed

69.

Khine HH, Corddry DH, Kettrick RG et al. (1997) Comparison of cuffed and uncuffed endotracheal tubes in young children during general anesthesia. Anesthesiology 86: 627–631PubMed

70.

Newth CJ, Rachman B, Patel N, Hammer J (2004) The use of cuffed versus uncuffed endotracheal tubes in pediatric intensive care. J Pediatr 144: 333–337PubMed

71.

Mhanna MJ, Zamel YB, Tichy CM, Super DM (2002) The „air leak“ test around the endotracheal tube, as a predictor of postextubation stridor, is age dependent in children. Crit Care Med 30: 2639–2643PubMed

72.

Katz SH, Falk JL (2001) Misplaced endotracheal tubes by paramedics in an urban emergency medical services system. Ann Emerg Med 37: 32–37PubMed

73.

Gausche M, Lewis RJ, Stratton SJ et al. (2000) Effect of out-of-hospital pediatric endotracheal intubation on survival and neurological outcome: a controlled clinical trial. JAMA 283: 783–790PubMed

74.

Kelly JJ, Eynon CA, Kaplan JL, de Garavilla L, Dalsey WC (1998) Use of tube condensation as an indicator of endotracheal tube placement. Ann Emerg Med 31: 575–578PubMed

75.

Andersen KH, Hald A (1989) Assessing the position of the tracheal tube: the reliability of different methods. Anaesthesia 44: 984–985PubMed

76.

Andersen KH, Schultz-Lebahn T (1994) Oesophageal intubation can be undetected by auscultation of the chest. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 38: 580–582PubMed

77.

Hartrey R, Kestin IG (1995) Movement of oral and nasal tracheal tubes as a result of changes in head and neck position. Anaesthesia 50: 682–687PubMed

78.

Van de Louw A, Cracco C, Cerf C et al. (2001) Accuracy of pulse oximetry in the intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med 27: 1606–1613

79.

Seguin P, Le Rouzo A, Tanguy M, Guillou YM, Feuillu A, Malledant Y (2000) Evidence for the need of bedside accuracy of pulse oximetry in an intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 28: 703–706PubMed

80.

Tan A, Schulze A, O’Donnell CP, Davis PG (2004) Air versus oxygen for resuscitation of infants at birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD002273

81.

Ramji S, Rasaily R, Mishra PK et al. (2003) Resuscitation of asphyxiated newborns with room air or 100% oxygen at birth: a multicentric clinical trial. Indian Pediatr 40: 510–517PubMed

82.

Vento M, Asensi M, Sastre J, Garcia-Sala F, Pallardo FV, Vina J (2001) Resuscitation with room air instead of 100% oxygen prevents oxidative stress in moderately asphyxiated term neonates. Pediatrics 107: 642–647PubMed

83.

Saugstad OD (2001) Resuscitation of newborn infants with room air or oxygen. Semin Neonatol 6: 233–239PubMed

84.

Aufderheide TP, Lurie KG (2004) Death by hyperventilation: a common and life-threatening problem during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med 32: 345–351

85.

Aufderheide TP, Sigurdsson G, Pirrallo RG et al. (2004) Hyperventilation-induced hypotension during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation 109: 1960–1965PubMed

86.

Wik L, Kramer-Johansen J, Myklebust H et al. (2005) Quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 293: 299–304PubMed

87.

Abella BS, Alvarado JP, Myklebust H et al. (2005) Quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation during in-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 293: 305–310PubMed

88.

Abella BS, Sandbo N, Vassilatos P et al. (2005) Chest compression rates during cardiopulmonary resuscitation are suboptimal: a prospective study during in-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 111: 428–434PubMed

89.

Borke WB, Munkeby BH, Morkrid L, Thaulow E, Saugstad OD (2004) Resuscitation with 100% O(2) does not protect the myocardium in hypoxic newborn piglets. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 89: 156–160

90.

Stockinger ZT, McSwain NE Jr (2004) Prehospital endotracheal intubation for trauma does not improve survival over bag-valve-mask ventilation. J Trauma 56: 531–536PubMed

91.

Pitetti R, Glustein JZ, Bhende MS (2002) Prehospital care and outcome of pediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Prehosp Emerg Care 6: 283–290PubMed

92.

Cooper A, DiScala C, Foltin G, Tunik M, Markenson D, Welborn C (2001) Prehospital endotracheal intubation for severe head injury in children: a reappraisal. Semin Pediatr Surg 10: 3–6PubMed

93.

Bhende MS, Thompson AE, Cook DR, Saville AL (1992) Validity of a disposable end-tidal CO2 detector in verifying endotracheal tube placement in infants and children. Ann Emerg Med 21: 142–145PubMed

94.

Bhende MS, Thompson AE, Orr RA (1992) Utility of an end-tidal carbon dioxide detector during stabilization and transport of critically ill children. Pediatrics 89: 1042–1044PubMed

95.

Bhende MS, LaCovey DC (2001) End-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring in the prehospital setting. Prehosp Emerg Care 5: 208–213PubMed

96.

Ornato JP, Shipley JB, Racht EM et al. (1992) Multicenter study of a portable, hand-size, colorimetric end-tidal carbon dioxide detection device. Ann Emerg Med 21: 518–523PubMed

97.

Gonzalez del Rey JA, Poirier MP, Digiulio GA (2000) Evaluation of an ambu-bag valve with a self-contained, colorimetric end-tidal CO2 system in the detection of airway mishaps: an animal trial. Pediatr Emerg Care 16: 121–123

98.

Bhende MS, Thompson AE (1995) Evaluation of an end-tidal CO2 detector during pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Pediatrics 95: 395–399PubMed

99.

Bhende MS, Karasic DG, Karasic RB (1996) End-tidal carbon dioxide changes during cardiopulmonary resuscitation after experimental asphyxial cardiac arrest. Am J Emerg Med 14: 349–350PubMed

100.

DeBehnke DJ, Hilander SJ, Dobler DW, Wickman LL, Swart GL (1995) The hemodynamic and arterial blood gas response to asphyxiation: a canine model of pulseless electrical activity. Resuscitation 30: 169–175PubMed

101.

Ornato JP, Garnett AR, Glauser FL (1990) Relationship between cardiac output and the end-tidal carbon dioxide tension. Ann Emerg Med 19: 1104–1106PubMed

102.

Sharieff GQ, Rodarte A, Wilton N, Silva PD, Bleyle D (2003) The self-inflating bulb as an esophageal detector device in children weighing more than twenty kilograms: A comparison of two techniques. Ann Emerg Med 41: 623–629PubMed

103.

Sharieff GQ, Rodarte A, Wilton N, Bleyle D (2003) The self-inflating bulb as an airway adjunct: is it reliable in children weighing less than 20 kilograms? Acad Emerg Med 10: 303–308PubMed

104.

Poirier MP, Gonzalez Del-Rey JA, McAneney CM, DiGiulio GA (1998) Utility of monitoring capnography, pulse oximetry, and vital signs in the detection of airway mishaps: a hyperoxemic animal model. Am J Emerg Med 16: 350–352PubMed

105.

Lillis KA, Jaffe DM (1992) Prehospital intravenous access in children. Ann Emerg Med 21: 1430–1434PubMed

106.

Kanter RK, Zimmerman JJ, Strauss RH, Stoeckel KA (1986) Pediatric emergency intravenous access. Evaluation of a protocol. Am J Dis Child 140: 132–134PubMed

107.

Banerjee S, Singhi SC, Singh S, Singh M (1994) The intraosseous route is a suitable alternative to intravenous route for fluid resuscitation in severely dehydrated children. Indian Pediatr 31: 1511–1520PubMed

108.

Glaeser PW, Hellmich TR, Szewczuga D, Losek JD, Smith DS (1993) Five-year experience in prehospital intraosseous infusions in children and adults. Ann Emerg Med 22: 1119–1124PubMed

109.

Guy J, Haley K, Zuspan SJ (1993) Use of intraosseous infusion in the pediatric trauma patient. J Pediatr Surg 28: 158–161PubMed

110.

Orlowski JP, Julius CJ, Petras RE, Porembka DT, Gallagher JM (1989) The safety of intraosseous infusions: risks of fat and bone marrow emboli to the lungs. Ann Emerg Med 18: 1062–1067PubMed

111.

Orlowski JP, Porembka DT, Gallagher JM, Lockrem JD, VanLente F (1990) Comparison study of intraosseous, central intravenous, and peripheral intravenous infusions of emergency drugs. Am J Dis Child 144: 112–127PubMed

112.

Abe KK, Blum GT, Yamamoto LG (2000) Intraosseous is faster and easier than umbilical venous catheterization in newborn emergency vascular access models. Am J Emerg Med 18: 126–129PubMed

113.

Ellemunter H, Simma B, Trawoger R, Maurer H (1999) Intraosseous lines in preterm and full term neonates. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 80: 74–75

114.

Cameron JL, Fontanarosa PB, Passalaqua AM (1989) A comparative study of peripheral to central circulation delivery times between intraosseous and intravenous injection using a radionuclide technique in normovolemic and hypovolemic canines. J Emerg Med 7: 123–127PubMed

115.

Warren DW, Kissoon N, Sommerauer JF, Rieder MJ (1993) Comparison of fluid infusion rates among peripheral intravenous and humerus, femur, malleolus, and tibial intraosseous sites in normovolemic and hypovolemic piglets. Ann Emerg Med 22: 183–186PubMed

116.

Brickman KR, Krupp K, Rega P, Alexander J, Guinness M (1992) Typing and screening of blood from intraosseous access. Ann Emerg Med 21: 414–417PubMed

117.

Johnson L, Kissoon N, Fiallos M, Abdelmoneim T, Murphy S (1999) Use of intraosseous blood to assess blood chemistries and hemoglobin during cardiopulmonary resuscitation with drug infusions. Crit Care Med 27: 1147–1152PubMed

118.

Ummenhofer W, Frei FJ, Urwyler A, Drewe J (1994) Are laboratory values in bone marrow aspirate predictable for venous blood in paediatric patients? Resuscitation 27: 123–128PubMed

119.

Kissoon N, Idris A, Wenzel V, Murphy S, Rush W (1997) Intraosseous and central venous blood acid-base relationship during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Pediatr Emerg Care 13: 250–253PubMed

120.

Abdelmoneim T, Kissoon N, Johnson L, Fiallos M, Murphy S (1999) Acid-base status of blood from intraosseous and mixed venous sites during prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation and drug infusions. Crit Care Med 27: 1923–1928PubMed

121.

Venkataraman ST, Orr RA, Thompson AE (1988) Percutaneous infraclavicular subclavian vein catheterization in critically ill infants and children. J Pediatr 113: 480–485PubMed

122.

Fleisher G, Caputo G, Baskin M (1989) Comparison of external jugular and peripheral venous administration of sodium bicarbonate in puppies. Crit Care Med 17: 251–254PubMed

123.

Hedges JR, Barsan WB, Doan LA et al. (1984) Central versus peripheral intravenous routes in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Am J Emerg Med 2: 385–390PubMed

124.

Neufeld JD, Marx JA, Moore EE, Light AI (1993) Comparison of intraosseous, central, and peripheral routes of crystalloid infusion for resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock in a swine model. J Trauma 34: 422–428PubMed

125.

Stenzel JP, Green TP, Fuhrman BP, Carlson PE, Marchessault RP (1989) Percutaneous femoral venous catheterizations: a prospective study of complications. J Pediatr 114: 411–415PubMed

126.

Kleinman ME, Oh W, Stonestreet BS (1999) Comparison of intravenous and endotracheal epinephrine during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in newborn piglets. Crit Care Med 27: 2748–2754PubMed

127.

Efrati O, Ben-Abraham R, Barak A et al. (2003) Endobronchial adrenaline: should it be reconsidered? Dose response and haemodynamic effect in dogs. Resuscitation 59: 117–122PubMed

128.

Howard RF, Bingham RM (1990) Endotracheal compared with intravenous administration of atropine. Arch Dis Child ;65: 449–450PubMedPubMedCentral

129.

Prengel AW, Lindner KH, Hahnel J, Ahnefeld FW (1991) Endotracheal and endobronchial lidocaine administration: effects on plasma lidocaine concentration and blood gases. Crit Care Med 19: 911–915PubMed

130.

Crespo SG, Schoffstall JM, Fuhs LR, Spivey WH (1991) Comparison of two doses of endotracheal epinephrine in a cardiac arrest model. Ann Emerg Med 20: 230–234PubMed

131.

Lee PL, Chung YT, Lee BY, Yeh CY, Lin SY, Chao CC (1989) The optimal dose of atropine via the endotracheal route. Ma Zui Xue Za Zhi 27: 35–38PubMed

132.

Hahnel JH, Lindner KH, Schurmann C, Prengel A, Ahnefeld FW (1990) Plasma lidocaine levels and PaO2 with endobronchial administration: dilution with normal saline or distilled water? Ann Emerg Med 19: 1314–1317PubMed

133.

Jasani MS, Nadkarni VM, Finkelstein MS, Mandell GA, Salzman SK, Norman ME (1994) Effects of different techniques of endotracheal epinephrine administration in pediatric porcine hypoxic-hypercarbic cardiopulmonary arrest. Crit Care Med 22: 1174–1180PubMed

134.

Steinfath M, Scholz J, Schulte am Esch J, Laer S, Reymann A, Scholz H (1995) The technique of endobronchial lidocaine administration does not influence plasma concentration profiles and pharmacokinetic parameters in humans. Resuscitation 29: 55–62PubMed

135.

Carcillo JA, Fields AI (2002) Clinical practice parameters for hemodynamic support of pediatric and neonatal patients in septic shock. Crit Care Med 30: 1365–1378PubMed

136.

Simma B, Burger R, Falk M, Sacher P, Fanconi S (1998) A prospective, randomized, and controlled study of fluid management in children with severe head injury: lactated Ringer’s solution versus hypertonic saline. Crit Care Med 26: 1265–1270PubMed

137.

Rocha SM (1998) Hypertonic saline resuscitation. Medicina 58: 393–402

138.

Katz LM, Wang Y, Ebmeyer U, Radovsky A, Safar P (1998) Glucose plus insulin infusion improves cerebral outcome after asphyxial cardiac arrest. Neuroreport 9: 3363–3367PubMed

139.

Longstreth WT Jr, Copass MK, Dennis LK, Rauch-Matthews ME, Stark MS, Cobb LA (1993) Intravenous glucose after out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest: a community-based randomized trial. Neurology 43: 2534–2541PubMed

140.

Chang YS, Park WS, Ko SY et al. (1999) Effects of fasting and insulin–induced hypoglycemia on brain cell membrane function and energy metabolism during hypoxia-ischemia in newborn piglets. Brain Res 844: 135–142PubMed

141.

Cherian L, Goodman JC, Robertson CS (1997) Hyperglycemia increases brain injury caused by secondary ischemia after cortical impact injury in rats. Crit Care Med 25: 1378–1383PubMed

142.

Paul T, Bertram H, Bokenkamp R, Hausdorf G (2000) Supraventricular tachycardia in infants, children and adolescents: Diagnosis, and pharmacological and interventional therapy. Paediatric Drugs 2: 171–181PubMed

143.

Losek JD, Endom E, Dietrich A, Stewart G, Zempsky W, Smith K (1999) Adenosine and pediatric supraventricular tachycardia in the emergency department: multicenter study and review. Ann Emerg Med 33: 185–191PubMed

144.

Roberts JR, Greenburg MI, Knaub M, Baskin SI (1978) Comparison of the pharmacological effects of epinephrine administered by the intravenous and endotracheal routes. JACEP 7: 260–264PubMed

145.

Zaritsky A (1993) Pediatric resuscitation pharmacology. Members of the Medications in Pediatric Resuscitation Panel. Ann Emerg Med 22: 445–455PubMed

146.

Manisterski Y, Vaknin Z, Ben-Abraham R et al. (2002) Endotracheal epinephrine: a call for larger doses. Anesth Analg 95: 1037–1041PubMed

147.

Patterson MD, Boenning DA, Klein BL et al. (2005) The use of high-dose epinephrine for patients with out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest refractory to prehospital interventions. Pediatr Emerg Care 21: 227–237PubMed

148.

Perondi MB, Reis AG, Paiva EF, Nadkarni VM, Berg RA (2004) A comparison of high-dose and standard-dose epinephrine in children with cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 350: 1722–1730PubMed

149.

Carpenter TC, Stenmark KR (1997) High-dose epinephrine is not superior to standard-dose epinephrine in pediatric in-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest. Pediatrics 99: 403–408PubMed

150.

Dieckmann R, Vardis R (1995) High-dose epinephrine in pediatric out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest. Pediatrics 95: 901–913PubMed

151.

Berg RA, Otto CW, Kern KB et al. (1994) High-dose epinephrine results in greater early mortality after resuscitation from prolonged cardiac arrest in pigs: a prospective, randomized study. Crit Care Med 22: 282–290PubMed

152.

Rubertsson S, Wiklund L (1993) Hemodynamic effects of epinephrine in combination with different alkaline buffers during experimental, open-chest, cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med 21: 1051–1057PubMed

153.

Somberg JC, Timar S, Bailin SJ et al. (2004) Lack of a hypotensive effect with rapid administration of a new aqueous formulation of intravenous amiodarone. Am J Cardiol 93: 576–581PubMed

154.

Yap S-C, Hoomtje T, Sreeram N (2000) Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia after use of intravenous amiodarone for postoperative junctional ectopic tachycardia. International Journal of Cardiology 76: 245–247PubMed

155.

Dauchot P, Gravenstein JS (1971) Effects of atropine on the electrocardiogram in different age groups. Clin Pharmacol Ther 12: 274–280PubMed

156.

Stulz PM, Scheidegger D, Drop LJ, Lowenstein E, Laver MB (1979) Ventricular pump performance during hypocalcemia: clinical and experimental studies. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 78: 185–194PubMed

157.

van Walraven C, Stiell IG, Wells GA, Hebert PC, Vandemheen K (1998) Do advanced cardiac life support drugs increase resuscitation rates from in-hospital cardiac arrest? The OTAC Study Group. Ann Emerg Med 32: 544–553

158.

Paraskos JA (1986) Cardiovascular pharmacology III: atropine, calcium, calcium blockers, and (beta)-blockers. Circulation 74: 86–89

159.

Stueven HA, Thompson B, Aprahamian C, Tonsfeldt DJ, Kastenson EH (1985) The effectiveness of calcium chloride in refractory electromechanical dissociation. Ann Emerg Med 14: 626–629PubMed

160.

Stueven HA, Thompson B, Aprahamian C, Tonsfeldt DJ, Kastenson EH (1985) Lack of effectiveness of calcium chloride in refractory asystole. Ann Emerg Med 14: 630–632PubMed

161.

Srinivasan V, Spinella PC, Drott HR, Roth CL, Helfaer MA, Nadkarni V (2004) Association of timing, duration, and intensity of hyperglycemia with intensive care unit mortality in critically ill children. Pediatr Crit Care Med 5: 329–336PubMed

162.

Krinsley JS (2004) Effect of an intensive glucose management protocol on the mortality of critically ill adult patients. Mayo Clin Proc 79: 992–1000PubMed

163.

Losek JD (2000) Hypoglycemia and the ABC’S (sugar) of pediatric resuscitation. Ann Emerg Med 35: 43–46PubMed

164.

Finney SJ, Zekveld C, Elia A, Evans TW (2003) Glucose control and mortality in critically ill patients. Jama 290: 2041–2047PubMed

165.

Allegra J, Lavery R, Cody R et al. (2001) Magnesium sulfate in the treatment of refractory ventricular fibrillation in the prehospital setting. Resuscitation 49: 245–249PubMed

166.

Tzivoni D, Banai S, Schuger C et al. (1988) Treatment of torsade de pointes with magnesium sulfate. Circulation 77: 392–397PubMed

167.

Lokesh L, Kumar P, Murki S, Narang A (2004) A randomized controlled trial of sodium bicarbonate in neonatal resuscitation-effect on immediate outcome. Resuscitation 60: 219–223PubMed

168.

Bar-Joseph G, Abramson NS, Kelsey SF, Mashiach T, Craig MT, Safar P (2005) Improved resuscitation outcome in emergency medical systems with increased usage of sodium bicarbonate during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 49: 6–15PubMed

169.

Dorian P, Cass D, Schwartz B, Cooper R, Gelaznikas R, Barr A (2002) Amiodarone as compared with lidocaine for shock-resistant ventricular fibrillation. N Engl J Med 346: 884–890PubMed

170.

Walsh EP, Saul JP, Sholler GF et al. (1997) Evaluation of a staged treatment protocol for rapid automatic junctional tachycardia after operation for congenital heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 29: 1046–1053PubMed

171.

Wang L (2003) Congenital long QT syndrome: 50 years of electrophysiological research from cell to bedside. Acta Cardiol 58: 133–138PubMed

172.

Singh BN, Kehoe R, Woosley RL, Scheinman M, Quart B (1995) Multicenter trial of sotalol compared with procainamide in the suppression of inducible ventricular tachycardia: a double-blind, randomized parallel evaluation. Sotalol Multicenter Study Group. Am Heart J 129: 87–97PubMed

173.

Luedtke SA, Kuhn RJ, McCaffrey FM (1997) Pharmacologic management of supraventricular tachycardias in children, part 2: atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, and junctional and atrial ectopic tachycardia. Ann Pharmacother 31: 1347–1359PubMed

174.

Luedtke SA, Kuhn RJ, McCaffrey FM (1997) Pharmacologic management of supraventricular tachycardias in children. Part 1: Wolff-Parkinson-White and atrioventricular nodal reentry. Ann Pharmacother 31: 1227–1243PubMed

175.

Mandapati R, Byrum CJ, Kavey RE et al. (2000) Procainamide for rate control of postsurgical junctional tachycardia. Pediatr Cardiol 21: 123–128PubMed

176.

Wang JN, Wu JM, Tsai YC, Lin CS (2000) Ectopic atrial tachycardia in children. J Formos Med Assoc 99: 766–770PubMed

177.

Holmes CL, Landry DW, Granton JT (2003) Science review: Vasopressin and the cardiovascular system part 1 — receptor physiology. Crit Care 7: 427–434PubMedPubMedCentral

178.

Voelckel WG, Lurie KG, McKnite S et al. (2002) Effects of epinephrine and vasopressin in a piglet model of prolonged ventricular fibrillation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med 30: 957–962PubMed

179.

Voelckel WG, Lurie KG, McKnite S et al. (2000) Comparison of epinephrine and vasopressin in a pediatric porcine model of asphyxial cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 28: 3777–3783PubMed

180.

Mann K, Berg RA, Nadkarni V (2002) Beneficial effects of vasopressin in prolonged pediatric cardiac arrest: a case series. Resuscitation 52: 149–156PubMed

181.

Atkins DL, Kerber RE (1994) Pediatric defibrillation: current flow is improved by using „adult“ electrode paddles. Pediatrics 94: 90–93PubMed

182.

Atkins DL, Sirna S, Kieso R, Charbonnier F, Kerber RE (1988) Pediatric defibrillation: importance of paddle size in determining transthoracic impedance. Pediatrics 82: 914–918PubMed

183.

Bennetts SH, Deakin CD, Petley GW, Clewlow F (2004) Is optimal paddle force applied during paediatric external defibrillation? Resuscitation 60: 29–32PubMed

184.

Deakin C, Bennetts S, Petley G, Clewlow F (2002) What is the optimal paddle force for paediatric defibrillation? Resuscitation 55: 59

185.

Atkins DL, Hartley LL, York DK (1998) Accurate recognition and effective treatment of ventricular fibrillation by automated external defibrillators in adolescents. Pediatrics 101: 393–397PubMed

186.

Pierpont GL, Kruse JA, Nelson DH (1985) Intra-arterial monitoring during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 11: 513–520PubMed

187.

Zaritsky A, Nadkarni V, Getson P, Kuehl K (1987) CPR in children. Ann Emerg Med 16: 1107–1111PubMed

188.

Mogayzel C, Quan L, Graves JR, Tiedeman D, Fahrenbruch C, Herndon P (1995) Out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation in children and adolescents: causes and outcomes. Ann Emerg Med 25: 484–491PubMed

189.

Herlitz J, Engdahl J, Svensson L, Young M, Angquist KA, Holmberg S (2005) Characteristics and outcome among children suffering from out of hospital cardiac arrest in Sweden. Resuscitation 64: 37–40PubMed

190.

Berg RA (2000) Role of mouth-to-mouth rescue breathing in bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation for asphyxial cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 28(Suppl): 193–195

191.

Appleton GO, Cummins RO, Larson MP, Graves JR (1995) CPR and the single rescuer: at what age should you „call first“ rather than „call fast“? Ann Emerg Med 25: 492–494PubMed

192.

Larsen MP, Eisenberg MS, Cummins RO, Hallstrom AP (1993) Predicting survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a graphic model. Ann Emerg Med 22: 1652–1658PubMed

193.

Cobb LA, Fahrenbruch CE, Walsh TR et al. (1999) Influence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation prior to defibrillation in patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. JAMA 281: 1182–1188PubMed

194.

Wik L, Hansen TB, Fylling F et al. (2003) Delaying defibrillation to give basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation to patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation: a randomized trial. JAMA 289: 1389–1395PubMed

195.

Jacobs IG, Finn JC, Oxer HF, Jelinek GA (2005) CPR before defibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized trial. Emerg Med Australas 17: 39–45PubMed

196.

Somberg JC, Bailin SJ, Haffajee CI et al. (2002) Intravenous lidocaine versus intravenous amiodarone (in a new aqueous formulation) for incessant ventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol 90: 853–859PubMed

197.

Kudenchuk PJ, Cobb LA, Copass MK et al. (1999) Amiodarone for resuscitation after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation. N Engl J Med 341: 871–878PubMed

198.

Perry JC, Fenrich AL, Hulse JE, Triedman JK, Friedman RA, Lamberti JJ (1996) Pediatric use of intravenous amiodarone: efficacy and safety in critically ill patients from a multicenter protocol. J Am Coll Cardiol 27: 1246–1250PubMed

199.

Cummins RO, Graves JR, Larsen MP et al. (1993) Out-of-hospital transcutaneous pacing by emergency medical technicians in patients with asystolic cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 328: 1377–1382PubMed

200.

Sreeram N, Wren C (1990) Supraventricular tachycardia in infants: response to initial treatment. Arch Dis Child 65: 127–129PubMedPubMedCentral

201.

Bianconi L, Castro A et al. (2000) Comparison of intravenously administered dofetilide versus amiodarone in the acute termination of atrial fibrillation and flutter. A multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Europ Heart J 21: 1265–1273

202.

Burri S, Hug MI, Bauersfeld U (2003) Efficacy and safety of intravenous amiodarone for incessant tachycardias in infants. Eur J Pediatr 162: 880–884PubMed

203.

Celiker A, Ceviz N, Ozme S (1998) Effectiveness and safety of intravenous amiodarone in drug-resistant tachyarrhythmias of children. Acta Paediatr Jap 40: 567–572

204.

Dodge-Khatami A, Miller O, Anderson R, Gil-Jaurena J, Goldman A, de Leval M (2002) Impact of junctional ectopic tachycardia on postoperative morbidity following repair of congenital heart defects. Europ J Cardio-Thoracic Surg 21: 255–259

205.

Figa FH, Gow RM, Hamilton RM, Freedom RM (1994) Clinical efficacy and safety of intravenous Amiodarone in infants and children. Am J Cardiol 74: 573–577PubMed

206.

Hoffman TM, Bush DM, Wernovsky G et al. (2002) Postoperative junctional ectopic tachycardia in children: incidence, risk factors, and treatment. Ann Thorac Surg 74: 1607–1611PubMed

207.

Soult JA, Munoz M, Lopez JD, Romero A, Santos J, Tovaruela A (1995) Efficacy and safety of intravenous amiodarone for short-term treatment of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in children. Pediatr Cardiol 16: 16–19PubMed

208.

Benson D, Jr., Smith W, Dunnigan A, Sterba R, Gallagher J (1982) Mechanisms of regular wide QRS tachycardia in infants and children. Am J Cardiol 49: 1778–1788PubMed

209.

Drago F, Mazza A, Guccione P, Mafrici A, Di Liso G, Ragonese P (1998) Amiodarone used alone or in combination with propranolol: A very effective therapy for tachyarrhythmias in infants and children. Pediatr Cardiol 19: 445–449PubMed

210.

Benson DJ, Dunnigan A, Green T, Benditt D, Schneider S (1985) Periodic procainamide for paroxysmal tachycardia. Circulation 72: 147–152PubMed

211.

Komatsu C, Ishinaga T, Tateishi O, Tokuhisa Y, Yoshimura S (1986) Effects of four antiarrhythmic drugs on the induction and termination of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Jpn Circ J 50: 961–972PubMed

212.

Mandel WJ, Laks MM, Obayashi K, Hayakawa H, Daley W (1975) The Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome: pharmacologic effects of procaine amide. Am Heart J 90: 744–754PubMed

213.

Meldon SW, Brady WJ, Berger S, Mannenbach M (1994) Pediatric ventricular tachycardia: a review with three illustrative cases. Pediatr Emerg Care 10: 294–300PubMed

214.

Shih JY, Gillette PC, Kugler JD et al. (1982) The electrophysiologic effects of procainamide in the immature heart. Pediatr Pharmacol (New York) 2: 65–73

215.

Hildebrand CA, Hartmann AG, Arcinue EL, Gomez RJ, Bing RJ (1988) Cardiac performance in pediatric near-drowning. Crit Care Med 16: 331–335PubMed

216.

Checchia PA, Sehra R, Moynihan J, Daher N, Tang W, Weil MH (2003) Myocardial injury in children following resuscitation after cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 57: 131–137PubMed

217.

Hickey RW, Ferimer H, Alexander HL et al. (2000) Delayed, spontaneous hypothermia reduces neuronal damage after asphyxial cardiac arrest in rats. Crit Care Med 28: 3511–3516PubMed

218.

Hypothermia After Cardiac Arrest Study Group (2002) Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 346: 549–556

219.

Bernard SA, Gray TW, Buist MD et al. (2002) Treatment of comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with induced hypothermia. N Engl J Med 346: 557–563PubMed

220.

Gluckman PD, Wyatt JS, Azzopardi D et al. (2005) Selective head cooling with mild systemic hypothermia after neonatal encephalopathy: multicentre randomised trial. Lancet 365: 663–670PubMed

221.

Battin MR, Penrice J, Gunn TR, Gunn AJ (2003) Treatment of term infants with head cooling and mild systemic hypothermia (35.0 degrees C and 34.5 degrees C) after perinatal asphyxia. Pediatrics 111: 244–251PubMed

222.

Compagnoni G, Pogliani L, Lista G, Castoldi F, Fontana P, Mosca F (2002) Hypothermia reduces neurological damage in asphyxiated newborn infants. Biol Neonate 82: 222–227PubMed

223.

Gunn AJ, Gluckman PD, Gunn TR (1998) Selective head cooling in newborn infants after perinatal asphyxia: a safety study. Pediatrics 102: 885–889PubMed

224.

Debillon T, Daoud P, Durand P et al. (2003) Whole-body cooling after perinatal asphyxia: a pilot study in term neonates. Dev Med Child Neurol 45: 17–23PubMed

225.

Hachimi-Idrissi S, Corne L, Ebinger G, Michotte Y, Huyghens L (2001) Mild hypothermia induced by a helmet device: a clinical feasibility study. Resuscitation 51: 275–281PubMed

226.

Bernard S, Buist M, Monteiro O, Smith K (2003) Induced hypothermia using large volume, ice-cold intravenous fluid in comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a preliminary report. Resuscitation 56: 9–13PubMed

227.

Kliegel A, Losert H, Sterz F et al. (2005) Cold simple intravenous infusions preceding special endovascular cooling for faster induction of mild hypothermia after cardiac arrest — a feasibility study. Resuscitation 64: 347–351PubMed

228.

Polderman KH, Peerdeman SM, Girbes AR (2001) Hypophosphatemia and hypomagnesemia induced by cooling in patients with severe head injury. J Neurosurg 94: 697–705PubMed

229.

Polderman KH (2004) Application of therapeutic hypothermia in the intensive care unit. Opportunities and pitfalls of a promising treatment modality, Part 2: Practical aspects and side effects. Intensive Care Med 30: 757–769PubMed

230.

Zeiner A, Holzer M, Sterz F et al. (2001) Hyperthermia after cardiac arrest is associated with an unfavorable neurologic outcome. Arch Intern Med 161: 2007–2012PubMed

231.

Takino M, Okada Y (1991) Hyperthermia following cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Intensive Care Med 17: 419–420PubMed

232.

Takasu A, Saitoh D, Kaneko N, Sakamoto T, Okada Y (2001) Hyperthermia: is it an ominous sign after cardiac arrest? Resuscitation 49: 273–277PubMed

233.

Coimbra C, Boris-Moller F, Drake M, Wieloch T (1996) Diminished neuronal damage in the rat brain by late treatment with the antipyretic drug dipyrone or cooling following cerebral ischemia. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 92: 447–453

234.

Coimbra C, Drake M, Boris-Moller F, Wieloch T (1996) Long-lasting neuroprotective effect of postischemic hypothermia and treatment with an anti-inflammatory/antipyretic drug: evidence for chronic encephalopathic processes following ischemia. Stroke 27: 1578–1585PubMed

235.

Gillis J, Dickson D, Rieder M, Steward D, Edmonds J (1986) Results of inpatient pediatric resuscitation. Crit Care Med 14: 469–471PubMed

236.

Schindler MB, Bohn D, Cox PN et al. (1996) Outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac or respiratory arrest in children. N Engl J Med 335: 1473–1479PubMed

237.

Suominen P, Korpela R, Kuisma M, Silfvast T, Olkkola KT (1997) Paediatric cardiac arrest and resuscitation provided by physician-staffed emergency care units. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 41: 260–265PubMed

238.

Lopez-Herce J, Garcia C, Rodriguez-Nunez A et al. (2005) Long-term outcome of paediatric cardiorespiratory arrest in Spain. Resuscitation 64: 79–85PubMed

239.

Lopez-Herce J, Garcia C, Dominguez P et al. (2004) Characteristics and outcome of cardiorespiratory arrest in children. Resuscitation 63: 311–320PubMed

240.

Hazinski MF, Chahine AA, Holcomb GW 3rd, Morris JA Jr (1994) Outcome of cardiovascular collapse in pediatric blunt trauma. Ann Emerg Med 23: 1229–1235PubMed

241.

Morris MC, Wernovsky G, Nadkarni VM (2004) Survival outcomes after extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation instituted during active chest compressions following refractory in-hospital pediatric cardiac arrest. Pediatr Crit Care Med 5: 440–446PubMed

242.

Duncan BW, Ibrahim AE, Hraska V et al. (1998) Use of rapid-deployment extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for the resuscitation of pediatric patients with heart disease after cardiac arrest. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 116: 305–311PubMed

243.

Parra DA, Totapally BR, Zahn E et al. (2000) Outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a pediatric cardiac intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 28: 3296–3300PubMed

244.

Idris AH, Berg RA, Bierens J et al. (2003) Recommended guidelines for uniform reporting of data from drowning: The „Utstein style“. Resuscitation 59: 45–57PubMed

245.

Bauchner H, Waring C, Vinci R (1991) Parental presence during procedures in an emergency room: results from 50 observations. Pediatrics 87: 544–548PubMed

246.

Bauchner H, Vinci R, Waring C (1989) Pediatric procedures: do parents want to watch? Pediatrics 84: 907–909PubMed

247.

Bauchner H, Zuckerman B (1990) Cocaine, sudden infant death syndrome, and home monitoring. J Pediatr 117: 904–906PubMed

248.

Haimi-Cohen Y, Amir J, Harel L, Straussberg R, Varsano Y (1996) Parental presence during lumbar puncture: anxiety and attitude toward the procedure. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 35: 2–4

249.

Sacchetti A, Lichenstein R, Carraccio CA, Harris RH (1996) Family member presence during pediatric emergency department procedures. Pediatr Emerg Care 12: 268–271PubMed

250.

Boie ET, Moore GP, Brummett C, Nelson DR (1999) Do parents want to be present during invasive procedures performed on their children in the emergency department? A survey of 400 parents. Ann Emerg Med 34: 70–74PubMed

251.

Taylor N, Bonilla L, Silver P, Sagy M (1996) Pediatric procedure: do parents want to be present? Crit Care Med 24: 131

252.

Powers KS, Rubenstein JS (1999) Family presence during invasive procedures in the pediatric intensive care unit: a prospective study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 153: 955–958PubMed

253.

Cameron JA, Bond MJ, Pointer SC (1996) Reducing the anxiety of children undergoing surgery: parental presence during anaesthetic induction. J Paediatr Child Health 32: 51–56PubMed

254.

Merritt KA, Sargent JR, Osborn LM (1990) Attitudes regarding parental presence during medical procedures. Am J Dis Child 144: 270–271PubMed

255.

Wolfram RW, Turner ED (1996) Effects of parental presence during children’s venipuncture. Acad Emerg Med 3: 58–64PubMed

256.

Jarvis AS (1998) Parental presence during resuscitation: attitudes of staff on a paediatric intensive care unit. Intens Crit Care Nurs 14: 3–7

257.

Meyers TA, Eichhorn DJ, Guzzetta CE (1998) Do families want to be present during CPR? A retrospective survey. J Emerg Nurs 24: 400–405PubMed

258.

Doyle CJ, Post H, Burney RE, Maino J, Keefe M, Rhee KJ (1987) Family participation during resuscitation: an option. Ann Emerg Med 16: 673–675PubMed

259.

Hanson C, Strawser D (1992) Family presence during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: Foote Hospital emergency department’s nine-year perspective. J Emerg Nurs 18: 104–106PubMed

260.

Robinson SM, Mackenzie-Ross S, Campbell Hewson GL, Egleston CV, Prevost AT (1998) Psychological effect of witnessed resuscitation on bereaved relatives. Lancet 352: 614–617PubMed

261.

Meyers TA, Eichhorn DJ, Guzzetta CE et al. (2000) Family presence during invasive procedures and resuscitation. Am J Nurs 100: 32–43PubMed

262.

Beckman AW, Sloan BK, Moore GP et al. (2002) Should parents be present during emergency department procedures on children, and who should make that decision? A survey of emergency physician and nurse attitudes. Acad Emerg Med 9: 154–158PubMed

263.

Eppich WJ, Arnold LD (2003) Family member presence in the pediatric emergency department. Curr Opin Pediatr 15: 294–298PubMed

264.

Eichhorn DJ, Meyers TA, Mitchell TG, Guzzetta CE (1996) Opening the doors: family presence during resuscitation. J Cardiovasc Nurs 10: 59–70PubMed

265.

International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (2005) Neonatal Life Support, Part 7. International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Resuscitation 67: 175—179

266.

Resuscitation Council (UK) (2001) Resuscitation at birth. Newborn life support course provider manual. Resuscitation Council (UK), 2001, London

267.

Niermeyer S, Kattwinkel J, Van Reempts P et al. (2000) International Guidelines for Neonatal Resuscitation: An excerpt from the Guidelines 2000 for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care: International Consensus on Science. Contributors and Reviewers for the Neonatal Resuscitation Guidelines. Pediatrics 206: 29

268.

Palme-Kilander C (1992) Methods of resuscitation in low-Apgar-score newborn infants--a national survey. Acta Paediatr 81: 739–744PubMed

269.

British Paediatric Association Working Party (1993) Neonatal Resuscitation. British Paediatric Association, London

270.

Dahm LS, James LS (1972) Newborn temperature and calculated heat loss in the delivery room. Pediatrics 49: 504–513PubMed

271.

Stephenson J, Du J, TK O (1970) The effect if cooling on blood gas tensions in newborn infants. Journal of Pediatrics 76: 848–852PubMed

272.

Gandy GM, Adamsons K, Jr., Cunningham N, Silverman WA, James LS (1964) Thermal Environment and Acid-Base Homeostasis in Human Infants During the First Few Hours of Life. J Clin Invest 43: 751–758PubMedPubMedCentral

273.

Apgar V (1953) A proposal for a new method of evaluation of the newborn infant. Curr Res Anesth Analg 32

274.

Anonymous. Is the Apgar score outmoded? Lancet 1989: 591–592

275.

Chamberlain G, Banks J (1974) Assessment of the Apgar score. Lancet 2: 1225–1228PubMed

276.

Owen CJ, Wyllie JP (2004) Determination of heart rate in the baby at birth. Resuscitation 60: 213–217PubMed

277.

Cordero L Jr, Hon EH (1971) Neonatal bradycardia following nasopharyngeal stimulation. J Pediatr 78: 441–447PubMed

278.

Thaler MM, Stobie GH (1963) An improved technique of external caridac compression in infants and young children. N Engl J Med 269: 606–610PubMed

279.

Todres ID, Rogers MC (1975) Methods of external cardiac massage in the newborn infant. J Pediatr 86: 781–782PubMed

280.

Dean JM, Koehler RC, Schleien CL et al. (1991) Improved blood flow during prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation with 30% duty cycle in infant pigs. Circulation 84: 896–904PubMed

281.

Whyte SD, Sinha AK, Wyllie JP (1999) Neonatal resuscitation: a practical assessment. Resuscitation 40: 21–25PubMed

282.

Costeloe K, Hennessy E, Gibson AT, Marlow N, Wilkinson AR (2000) The EPICure study: outcomes to discharge from hospital for infants born at the threshold of viability. Pediatrics 106: 659–671PubMed

283.

Vohra S, Frent G, Campbell V, Abbott M, Whyte R (1999) Effect of polyethylene occlusive skin wrapping on heat loss in very low birth weight infants at delivery: a randomized trial. J Pediatr 134: 547–551PubMed

284.

Lenclen R, Mazraani M, Jugie M et al. (2002) Use of a polyethylene bag: a way to improve the thermal environment of the premature newborn at the delivery room. Arch Pediatr 9: 238–244PubMed

285.

Bjorklund LJ, Hellstrom-Westas L (2000) Reducing heat loss at birth in very preterm infants. J Pediatr 137: 739–740PubMed

286.

Vohra S, Roberts RS, Zhang B, Janes M, Schmidt B (2004) Heat Loss Prevention (HeLP) in the delivery room: A randomized controlled trial of polyethylene occlusive skin wrapping in very preterm infants. J Pediatr 145: 750–753PubMed

287.

Lieberman E, Eichenwald E, Mathur G, Richardson D, Heffner L, Cohen A (2000) Intrapartum fever and unexplained seizures in term infants. Pediatrics 106: 983–988PubMed

288.

Grether JK, Nelson KB (1997) Maternal infection and cerebral palsy in infants of normal birth weight. JAMA 278: 207–211PubMed

289.

Dietrich WD, Alonso O, Halley M, Busto R (1996) Delayed posttraumatic brain hyperthermia worsens outcome after fluid percussion brain injury: a light and electron microscopic study in rats. Neurosurgery 38: 533–541PubMed

290.

Wiswell TE, Gannon CM, Jacob J et al. (2000) Delivery room management of the apparently vigorous meconium-stained neonate: results of the multicenter, international collaborative trial. Pediatrics 105: 1–7PubMed

291.

Vain NE, Szyld EG, Prudent LM, Wiswell TE, Aguilar AM, Vivas NI (2004) Oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal suctioning of meconium-stained neonates before delivery of their shoulders: multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 364: 597–602PubMed

292.

Solas AB, Kutzsche S, Vinje M, Saugstad OD (2001) Cerebral hypoxemia-ischemia and reoxygenation with 21% or 100% oxygen in newborn piglets: effects on extracellular levels of excitatory amino acids and microcirculation. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2: 340–345PubMed

293.

Solas AB, Kalous P, Saugstad OD (2004) Reoxygenation with 100 or 21% oxygen after cerebral hypoxemia-ischemia-hypercapnia in newborn piglets. Biol Neonate 85: 105–111PubMed

294.

Solas AB, Munkeby BH, Saugstad OD (2004) Comparison of short- and long-duration oxygen treatment after cerebral asphyxia in newborn piglets. Pediatr Res 56: 125–131PubMed

295.

Huang CC, Yonetani M, Lajevardi N, Delivoria-Papadopoulos M, Wilson DF, Pastuszko A (1995) Comparison of postasphyxial resuscitation with 100% and 21% oxygen on cortical oxygen pressure and striatal dopamine metabolism in newborn piglets. J Neurochem 64: 292–298PubMed

296.

Kutzsche S, Ilves P, Kirkeby OJ, Saugstad OD (2001) Hydrogen peroxide production in leukocytes during cerebral hypoxia and reoxygenation with 100% or 21% oxygen in newborn piglets. Pediatr Res 49: 834–842PubMed

297.

Lundstrom KE, Pryds O, Greisen G (1995) Oxygen at birth and prolonged cerebral vasoconstriction in preterm infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 73: 81–86

298.

Davis PG, Tan A, O’Donnell CP, Schulze A (2004) Resuscitation of newborn infants with 100% oxygen or air: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 364: 1329–1233PubMed

299.

Harris AP, Sendak MJ, Donham RT (1986) Changes in arterial oxygen saturation immediately after birth in the human neonate. J Pediatr 109: 117–119PubMed

300.

Reddy VK, Holzman IR, Wedgwood JF. Pulse oximetry saturations in the first 6 hours of life in normal term infants. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 38: 87–92

301.

Toth B, Becker A, Seelbach-Gobel B (2002) Oxygen saturation in healthy newborn infants immediately after birth measured by pulse oximetry. Arch Gynecol Obstet 266: 105–107PubMed

302.

Karlberg P, Koch G (1962) Respiratory studies in newborn infants. III. Development of mechanics of breathing during the first week of life. A longitudinal study. Acta Paediatr 135(Suppl): 121–129

303.

Vyas H, Milner AD, Hopkins IE (1981) Intrathoracic pressure and volume changes during the spontaneous onset of respiration in babies born by cesarean section and by vaginal delivery. J Pediatr 99: 787–791PubMed

304.

Mortola JP, Fisher JT, Smith JB, Fox GS, Weeks S, Willis D (1982) Onset of respiration in infants delivered by cesarean section. J Appl Physiol 52: 716–724PubMed

305.

Hull D (1969) Lung expansion and ventilation during resuscitation of asphyxiated newborn infants. J Pediatr 75: 47–58PubMed

306.

Upton CJ, Milner AD (1991) Endotracheal resuscitation of neonates using a rebreathing bag. Arch Dis Child 66: 39–42PubMedPubMedCentral

307.

Vyas H, Milner AD, Hopkin IE, Boon AW (1981) Physiologic responses to prolonged and slow–rise inflation in the resuscitation of the asphyxiated newborn infant. J Pediatr 99: 635–639PubMed

308.

Vyas H, Field D, Milner AD, Hopkin IE (1986) Determinants of the first inspiratory volume and functional residual capacity at birth. Pediatr Pulmonol 2: 189–193PubMed

309.

Boon AW, Milner AD, Hopkin IE (1979) Lung expansion, tidal exchange, and formation of the functional residual capacity during resuscitation of asphyxiated neonates. J Pediatr 95: 1031–1036PubMed

310.

Ingimarsson J, Bjorklund LJ, Curstedt T et al. (2004) Incomplete protection by prophylactic surfactant against the adverse effects of large lung inflations at birth in immature lambs. Intens Care Med 2004

311.

Nilsson R, Grossmann G, Robertson B (1980) Bronchiolar epithelial lesions induced in the premature rabbit neonate by short periods of artificial ventilation. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand A 88: 359–367PubMed

312.

Probyn ME, Hooper SB, Dargaville PA et al. (2004) Positive end expiratory pressure during resuscitation of premature lambs rapidly improves blood gases without adversely affecting arterial pressure. Pediatr Res 56: 198–204PubMed

313.

Hird MF, Greenough A, Gamsu HR (1991) Inflating pressures for effective resuscitation of preterm infants. Early Hum Dev 26: 69–72PubMed

314.

Lindner W, Vossbeck S, Hummler H, Pohlandt F (1999) Delivery room management of extremely low birth weight infants: spontaneous breathing or intubation? Pediatrics 103: 961–967PubMed

315.

Allwood AC, Madar RJ, Baumer JH, Readdy L, Wright D (2003) Changes in resuscitation practice at birth. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 88: 375–379

316.

Cole AF, Rolbin SH, Hew EM, Pynn S (1979) An improved ventilator system for delivery–room management of the newborn. Anesthesiology 51: 356–358PubMed

317.

Hoskyns EW, Milner AD, Hopkin IE (1987) A simple method of face mask resuscitation at birth. Arch Dis Child 62: 376–378PubMedPubMedCentral

318.

Ganga-Zandzou PS, Diependaele JF, Storme L et al. (1996) Is Ambu ventilation of newborn infants a simple question of finger-touch? Arch Pediatr 3: 1270–1272PubMed

319.

Finer NN, Rich W, Craft A, Henderson C (2001) Comparison of methods of bag and mask ventilation for neonatal resuscitation. Resuscitation 49: 299–305PubMed

320.

Kanter RK (1987) Evaluation of mask-bag ventilation in resuscitation of infants. Am J Dis Child 141: 761–763PubMed

321.

Esmail N, Saleh M et al. (2002) Laryngeal mask airway versus endotracheal intubation for Apgar score improvement in neonatal resuscitation. Egypt J Anesthesiol 18: 115–121

322.

Gandini D, Brimacombe JR (1999) Neonatal resuscitation with the laryngeal mask airway in normal and low birth weight infants. Anesth Analg 89: 642–643PubMed

323.

Brimacombe J, Gandini D (1999) Airway rescue and drug delivery in an 800 g neonate with the laryngeal mask airway. Paediatr Anaesth 9: 178PubMed

324.

Lonnqvist PA (1995) Successful use of laryngeal mask airway in low-weight expremature infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia undergoing cryotherapy for retinopathy of the premature. Anesthesiology 83: 422–424PubMed

325.

Paterson SJ, Byrne PJ, Molesky MG, Seal RF, Finucane BT (1994) Neonatal resuscitation using the laryngeal mask airway. Anesthesiology 80: 1248–1253PubMed

326.

Trevisanuto D, Ferrarese P, Zanardo V, Chiandetti L (2004) Laryngeal mask airway in neonatal resuscitation: a survey of current practice and perceived role by anaesthesiologists and paediatricians. Resuscitation 60: 291–296PubMed

327.

Hansen TG, Joensen H, Henneberg SW, Hole P (1995) Laryngeal mask airway guided tracheal intubation in a neonate with the Pierre Robin syndrome. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 39: 129–131PubMed

328.

Osses H, Poblete M, Asenjo F (1999) Laryngeal mask for difficult intubation in children. Paediatr Anaesth 9: 399–401PubMed

329.

Stocks RM, Egerman R, Thompson JW, Peery M (2002) Airway management of the severely retrognathic child: use of the laryngeal mask airway. Ear Nose Throat J 81: 223–226PubMed

330.

Palme-Kilander C, Tunell R, Chiwei Y (1993) Pulmonary gas exchange immediately after birth in spontaneously breathing infants. Arch Dis Child 68: 6–10PubMedPubMedCentral

331.

Aziz HF, Martin JB, Moore JJ (1999) The pediatric disposable end–tidal carbon dioxide detector role in endotracheal intubation in newborns. J Perinatol 19: 110–113PubMed

332.

Bhende MS, LaCovey D (1995) A note of caution about the continuous use of colorimetric end–tidal CO2 detectors in children. Pediatrics 95: 800–801PubMed

333.

Repetto JE, Donohue P-CP, Baker SF, Kelly L, Nogee LM (2001) Use of capnography in the delivery room for assessment of endotracheal tube placement. J Perinatol 21: 284–287PubMed

334.

Roberts WA, Maniscalco WM, Cohen AR, Litman RS, Chhibber A (1995) The use of capnography for recognition of esophageal intubation in the neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatr Pulmonol 19: 262–268PubMed

335.

Berg RA, Otto CW, Kern KB et al. (1996) A randomized, blinded trial of high-dose epinephrine versus standard-dose epinephrine in a swine model of pediatric asphyxial cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 24: 1695–700PubMed

336.

Burchfield DJ, Preziosi MP, Lucas VW, Fan J (1993) Effects of graded doses of epinephrine during asphxia-induced bradycardia in newborn lambs. Resuscitation 25: 235–244PubMed

337.

Ralston SH, Voorhees WD, Babbs CF (1984) Intrapulmonary epinephrine during prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation: improved regional blood flow and resuscitation in dogs. Ann Emerg Med 13: 79–86PubMed

338.

Ralston SH, Tacker WA, Showen L, Carter A, Babbs CF (1985) Endotracheal versus intravenous epinephrine during electromechanical dissociation with CPR in dogs. Ann Emerg Med 14: 1044–1048PubMed

339.

Redding JS, Asuncion JS, Pearson JW (1967) Effective routes of drug administration during cardiac arrest. Anesth Analg 46: 253–258PubMed

340.

Schwab KO, von Stockhausen HB (1994) Plasma catecholamines after endotracheal administration of adrenaline during postnatal resuscitation. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 70: 213–217

341.

Brambrink AM, Ichord RN, Martin LJ, Koehler RC, Traystman RJ (1999) Poor outcome after hypoxia-ischemia in newborns is associated with physiological abnormalities during early recovery. Possible relevance to secondary brain injury after head trauma in infants. Exp Toxicol Pathol 51: 151–162PubMed

342.

Vannucci RC, Vannucci SJ (1978) Cerebral carbohydrate metabolism during hypoglycemia and anoxia in newborn rats. Ann Neurol 4: 73–79PubMed

343.

Yager JY, Heitjan DF, Towfighi J, Vannucci RC (1992) Effect of insulin-induced and fasting hypoglycemia on perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. Pediatr Res 31: 138–142PubMed

344.

Salhab WA, Wyckoff MH, Laptook AR, Perlman JM (2004) Initial hypoglycemia and neonatal brain injury in term infants with severe fetal acidemia. Pediatrics 114: 361–366PubMed

345.

Kent TA, Soukup VM, Fabian RH (2001) Heterogeneity affecting outcome from acute stroke therapy: making reperfusion worse. Stroke 32: 2318–2327PubMed

346.

Eicher DJ, Wagner CL, Katikaneni LP et al. (2005) Moderate hypothermia in neonatal encephalopathy: efficacy outcomes. Pediatr Neurol 32: 11–17PubMed

347.

Thoresen M, Whitelaw A (2000) Cardiovascular changes during mild therapeutic hypothermia and rewarming in infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Pediatrics 106: 92–99PubMed

348.

Shankaran S, Laptook A, Wright LL et al. (2002) Whole-body hypothermia for neonatal encephalopathy: animal observations as a basis for a randomized, controlled pilot study in term infants. Pediatrics 110: 377–385PubMed

349.

De Leeuw R, Cuttini M, Nadai M et al. (2000) Treatment choices for extremely preterm infants: an international perspective. J Pediatr 137: 608–616

350.

Lee SK, Penner PL, Cox M (1991) Comparison of the attitudes of health care professionals and parents toward active treatment of very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 88: 110–114PubMed

351.

Kopelman LM, Irons TG, Kopelman AE (1988) Neonatologists judge the „Baby Doe“ regulations. N Engl J Med 318: 677–683PubMed

352.

Sanders MR, Donohue PK, Oberdorf MA, Rosenkrantz TS, Allen MC (1995) Perceptions of the limit of viability: neonatologists‘ attitudes toward extremely preterm infants. J Perinatol 15: 494–502PubMed

353.

Draper ES, Manktelow B, Field DJ, James D (2003) Tables for predicting survival for preterm births are updated. BMJ 327: 872PubMedPubMedCentral

354.

Jain L, Ferre C, Vidyasagar D, Nath S, Sheftel D (1991) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation of apparently stillborn infants: survival and long-term outcome. J Pediatr 118: 778–782PubMed

355.

Haddad B, Mercer BM, Livingston JC, Talati A, Sibai BM (2000) Outcome after successful resuscitation of babies born with apgar scores of 0 at both 1 and 5 minutes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 182: 1210–1214PubMed

Springerpflege

Lebensrettende Maßnahmen bei Kindern (Paediatric Life Support, PLS)

Abschnitt 6 der Leitlinien zur Reanimation 2005 des European Resuscitation Council

Auszug

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2006

Ethik der Reanimation und Entscheidungen am Lebensende

Erweiterte Reanimationsmaßnahmen für Erwachsene (ALS)

Initiales Management von Patienten mit akutem Koronarsyndrom

Lebensrettende Basismaßnahmen für Erwachsene und Verwendung automatisierter externer Defibrillatoren

Moderne Reanimation in Theorie und Praxis Die Leitlinien des ERC in deutschsprachiger Fassung liegen vor

Leitlinien zur Reanimation 2005 des European Resuscitation Council