Kreislaufstillstand unter besonderen Umständen

1.

Nolan J, Soar J, Eikeland H (2006) The chain of survival. Resuscitation 71:270–271PubMed

2.

Soar J, Berg KM, Andersen LW et al (2020) Adult advanced life support: 2020 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Resuscitation 156:A80–A119PubMedPubMedCentral

3.

Olasveengen TM, Mancini ME, Perkins GD et al (2020) Adult basic life support: international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Resuscitation 156:A35–A79PubMedPubMedCentral

4.

Perkins GD, Gräsner J-T, Semeraro F et al. (2021) Kurzfassung. Leitlinien des European Resuscitation Council 2021 Notfall Rettungsmed. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10049-021-00883-zCrossRef

5.

Brown DJ, Brugger H, Boyd J, Paal P (2012) Accidental hypothermia. N Engl J Med 367:1930–1938PubMed

6.

Paal P, Gordon L, Strapazzon G et al (2016) Accidental hypothermia-an update : the content of this review is endorsed by the international commission for mountain emergency medicine (ICAR MEDCOM). Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 24:111PubMedPubMedCentral

7.

Paal P, Milani M, Brown D, Boyd J, Ellerton J (2012) Termination of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in mountain rescue. High Alt Med Biol 13:200–208PubMed

8.

Racinais S, O’Connor F, Nye N, Casa D (2018) www.ephysiol.com. Zugegriffen: 20.01.2021

9.

Safar P, Paradis NA, Weil MH (2007) Asphyxial cardiac arrest. In: Paradis NA, Halperin HR, Kern KB, Wenzel V, Chamberlain DA (Hrsg) Cardiac arrest—the science and practice of resuscitation medicine, 2. Aufl. Cambride University Ptress, Cambridge, S 969–993

10.

Kitamura T, Kiyohara K, Sakai T et al (2014) Epidemiology and outcome of adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrest of non-cardiac origin in Osaka: a population-based study. BMJ Open 4:e6462PubMedPubMedCentral

11.

Farmery AD, Roe PG (1996) A model to describe the rate of oxyhaemoglobin desaturation during apnoea. Br J Anaesth 76:284–291PubMed

12.

DeBehnke DJ, Hilander SJ, Dobler DW, Wickman LL, Swart GL (1995) The hemodynamic and arterial blood gas response to asphyxiation: a canine model of pulseless electrical activity. Resuscitation 30:169–175PubMed

13.

Deasy C, Bray J, Smith K, Bernard S, Cameron P, Committee VS (2013) Hanging-associated out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in Melbourne, Australia. Emerg Med Clin North Am 30:38–42

14.

Olasveengen TM, Mancini ME, Perkins GD et al (2020) Adult basic life support: 2020 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Circulation 142:S41–S91PubMed

15.

Olasveengen TM, Semeraro F, Ristagno G et al (2021) European resuscitation council guidelines for basic life support. Resuscitation. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.02.009CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

16.

Ogawa T, Akahane M, Koike S, Tanabe S, Mizoguchi T, Imamura T (2011) Outcomes of chest compression only CPR versus conventional CPR conducted by lay people in patients with out of hospital cardiopulmonary arrest witnessed by bystanders: nationwide population based observational study. BMJ 342:c7106PubMed

17.

Riva G, Ringh M, Jonsson M et al (2019) Survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest after standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation or chest compressions only before arrival of emergency medical services: nationwide study during three guideline periods. Circulation. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.038179CrossRefPubMed

18.

Escutnaire J, Ducrocq F, Singier A et al (2018) Can we define termination of resuscitation criteria in out-of-hospital hanging? Prehosp Emerg Care. https://doi.org/10.1080/10903127.2018.1476635CrossRefPubMed

19.

Kim MJ, Yoon YS, Park JM et al (2016) Neurologic outcome of comatose survivors after hanging: a retrospective multicenter study. Am J Emerg Med 34:1467–1472PubMed

20.

Deasy C, Bray J, Smith K, Harriss LR, Bernard SA, Cameron P (2011) Paediatric hanging associated out of hospital cardiac arrest in Melbourne, Australia: characteristics and outcomes. Emerg Med Clin North Am 28:411–415

21.

Wee JH, Park KN, Oh SH, Youn CS, Kim HJ, Choi SP (2012) Outcome analysis of cardiac arrest due to hanging injury. Am J Emerg Med 30:690–694PubMed

22.

Davies D, Lang M, Watts R (2011) Paediatric hanging and strangulation injuries: a 10-year retrospective description of clinical factors and outcomes. Paediatr Child Health 16:e78–81PubMedPubMedCentral

23.

Penney DJ, Stewart AHL, Parr MJA (2002) Prognostic outcome indicators following hanging injuries. Resuscitation 54:27–29PubMed

24.

Wee JH, Park JH, Choi SP, Park KN (2013) Outcomes of patients admitted for hanging injuries with decreased consciousness but without cardiac arrest. Am J Emerg Med 31:1666–1670PubMed

25.

Muraro A, Roberts G, Worm M et al (2014) Anaphylaxis: guidelines from the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. Allergy 69:1026–1045PubMed

26.

Kleber C, Giesecke MT, Lindner T, Haas NP, Buschmann CT (2014) Requirement for a structured algorithm in cardiac arrest following major trauma: epidemiology, management errors, and preventability of traumatic deaths in Berlin. Resuscitation 85:405–410PubMed

27.

Brenner ML, Moore LJ, DuBose JJ et al (2013) A clinical series of resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta for hemorrhage control and resuscitation. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 75:506–511PubMed

28.

Zwingmann J, Mehlhorn AT, Hammer T, Bayer J, Sudkamp NP, Strohm PC (2012) Survival and neurologic outcome after traumatic out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest in a pediatric and adult population: a systematic review. Crit Care 16:R117PubMedPubMedCentral

29.

Leis CC, Hernandez CC, Blanco MJ, Paterna PC, Hernandez Rde E, Torres EC (2013) Traumatic cardiac arrest: should advanced life support be initiated? J Trauma Acute Care Surg 74:634–638PubMed

30.

Bulger EM, Perina DG, Qasim Z et al (2019) Clinical use of resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) in civilian trauma systems in the USA, 2019: a joint statement from the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma, the American College of Emergency Physicians, the National Association of Emergency Medical Services Physicians and the National Association of Emergency Medical Technicians. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open 4:e376PubMedPubMedCentral

31.

Schimrigk J, Baulig C, Buschmann C et al (2020) Indications, procedure and outcome of prehospital emergency resuscitative thoracotomy—a systematic literature search. Unfallchirurg 123:711–723PubMed

32.

Seamon MJ, Chovanes J, Fox N et al (2012) The use of emergency department thoracotomy for traumatic cardiopulmonary arrest. Injury 43:1355–1361PubMed

33.

Escutnaire J, Genin M, Babykina E et al (2018) Traumatic cardiac arrest is associated with lower survival rate vs. medical cardiac arrest—results from the French national registry. Resuscitation 131:48–54PubMed

34.

Beck B, Tohira H, Bray JE et al (2016) Trends in traumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Perth, Western Australia from 1997 to 2014. Resuscitation 98:79–84PubMed

35.

Evans CC, Petersen A, Meier EN et al (2016) Prehospital traumatic cardiac arrest: management and outcomes from the resuscitation outcomes consortium epistry-trauma and PROPHET registries. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 81:285–293PubMedPubMedCentral

36.

Barnard E, Yates D, Edwards A, Fragoso-Iniguez M, Jenks T, Smith JE (2017) Epidemiology and aetiology of traumatic cardiac arrest in England and Wales—a retrospective database analysis. Resuscitation 110:90–94PubMed

37.

Zwingmann J, Lefering R, Feucht M, Sudkamp NP, Strohm PC, Hammer T (2016) Outcome and predictors for successful resuscitation in the emergency room of adult patients in traumatic cardiorespiratory arrest. Crit Care 20:282PubMedPubMedCentral

38.

Spahn DR, Bouillon B, Cerny V et al (2019) The European guideline on management of major bleeding and coagulopathy following trauma: fifth edition. Crit Care 23:98PubMedPubMedCentral

39.

Cera SM, Mostafa G, Sing RF, Sarafin JL, Matthews BD, Heniford BT (2003) Physiologic predictors of survival in post-traumatic arrest. Am Surg 69:140–144PubMed

40.

Stratton SJ, Brickett K, Crammer T (1998) Prehospital pulseless, unconscious penetrating trauma victims: field assessments associated with survival. J Trauma 45:96–100PubMed

41.

Chen YC, Wu KH, Hsiao KY et al (2019) Factors associated with outcomes in traumatic cardiac arrest patients without prehospital return of spontaneous circulation. Injury 50:4–9PubMed

42.

Seamon MJ, Haut ER, Van Arendonk K et al (2015) An evidence-based approach to patient selection for emergency department thoracotomy: a practice management guideline from the eastern association for the surgery of trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 79:159–173PubMed

43.

Djarv T, Axelsson C, Herlitz J, Stromsoe A, Israelsson J, Claesson A (2018) Traumatic cardiac arrest in Sweden 1990–2016—a population-based national cohort study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 26:30PubMedPubMedCentral

44.

Israr S, Cook AD, Chapple KM et al (2019) Pulseless electrical activity following traumatic cardiac arrest: Sign of life or death? Injury 50:1507–1510PubMed

45.

Millin MG, Galvagno SM, Khandker SR et al (2013) Withholding and termination of resuscitation of adult cardiopulmonary arrest secondary to trauma: resource document to the joint NAEMSP-ACSCOT position statements. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 75:459–467PubMed

46.

Luna GK, Pavlin EG, Kirkman T, Copass MK, Rice CL (1989) Hemodynamic effects of external cardiac massage in trauma shock. J Trauma 29:1430–1433PubMed

47.

Jeffcoach DR, Gallegos JJ, Jesty SA et al (2016) Use of CPR in hemorrhagic shock, a dog model. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 81:27–33PubMed

48.

Watts S, Smith JE, Gwyther R, Kirkman E (2019) Closed chest compressions reduce survival in an animal model of haemorrhage-induced traumatic cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 140:37–42PubMed

49.

Endo A, Kojima M, Hong ZJ, Otomo Y, Coimbra R (2020) Open-chest versus closed-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation in trauma patients with signs of life upon hospital arrival: a retrospective multicenter study. Crit Care 24:541PubMedPubMedCentral

50.

Sperry JL, Guyette FX, Brown JB et al (2018) Prehospital plasma during air medical transport in trauma patients at risk for hemorrhagic shock. N Engl J Med 379:315–326PubMed

51.

Guyette FX, Sperry JL, Peitzman AB et al (2019) Prehospital blood product and crystalloid resuscitation in the severely injured patient: a secondary analysis of the prehospital air medical plasma trial. Ann Surg. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000003324CrossRef

52.

Singletary EM (2020) 2020 International Consensus on First Aid Science With Treatment Recommendations. Resuscitation 156:A240–A82PubMed

53.

Yue JK, Tsolinas RE, Burke JF et al (2019) Vasopressor support in managing acute spinal cord injury: current knowledge. J Neurosurg Sci 63:308–317PubMed

54.

Atkinson JL (2000) The neglected prehospital phase of head injury: apnea and catecholamine surge. Mayo Clin Proc 75:37–47PubMed

55.

Wilson MH, Hinds J, Grier G, Burns B, Carley S, Davies G (2016) Impact brain apnoea—a forgotten cause of cardiovascular collapse in trauma. Resuscitation 105:52–58PubMed

56.

Hudson AJ, Strandenes G, Bjerkvig CK, Svanevik M, Glassberg E (2018) Airway and ventilation management strategies for hemorrhagic shock. To tube, or not to tube, that is the question! J Trauma Acute Care Surg 84:S77–S82PubMed

57.

El-Sayed AA, Arafa SK, El-Demerdash AM (2019) Pressure-controlled ventilation could decrease intraoperative blood loss and improve airway pressure measures during lumbar discectomy in the prone position: a comparison with volume-controlled ventilation mode. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 35:468–474PubMedPubMedCentral

58.

Pepe PE, Roppolo LP, Fowler RL (2005) The detrimental effects of ventilation during low-blood-flow states. Curr Opin Crit Care 11:212–218PubMed

59.

Deakin CD, Davies G, Wilson A (1995) Simple thoracostomy avoids chest drain insertion in prehospital trauma. J Trauma 39:373–374PubMed

60.

Escott ME, Gleisberg GR, Kimmel K, Karrer A, Cosper J, Monroe BJ (2014) Simple thoracostomy. Moving beyong needle decompression in traumatic cardiac arrest. JEMS 39:26–32PubMed

61.

Clemency BM, Tanski CT, Rosenberg M, May PR, Consiglio JD, Lindstrom HA (2015) Sufficient catheter length for pneumothorax needle decompression: a meta-analysis. Prehosp Disaster med 30:249–253PubMed

62.

Hecker M, Hegenscheid K, Volzke H et al (2016) Needle decompression of tension pneumothorax: population-based epidemiologic approach to adequate needle length in healthy volunteers in northeast Germany. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 80:119–124PubMed

63.

Flaris AN, Simms ER, Prat N, Reynard F, Caillot JL, Voiglio EJ (2015) Clamshell incision versus left anterolateral thoracotomy. Which one is faster when performing a resuscitative thoracotomy? The tortoise and the hare revisited. World J Surg 39:1306–1311PubMed

64.

Wise D, Davies G, Coats T, Lockey D, Hyde J, Good A (2005) Emergency thoracotomy: “how to do it”. Emerg Med Clin North Am 22:22–24

65.

Rhee PM, Acosta J, Bridgeman A, Wang D, Jordan M, Rich N (2000) Survival after emergency department thoracotomy: review of published data from the past 25 years. J Am Coll Surg 190:288–298PubMed

66.

Burlew CC, Moore EE, Moore FA et al (2012) Western Trauma Association critical decisions in trauma: resuscitative thoracotomy. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 73:1359–1363PubMed

67.

National Institute for Clinical Excellence (2004) Pre-hospital initiation of fluid replacement therapy for trauma. National Institute for Clinical Excellence, London

68.

Harris T, Thomas GO, Brohi K (2012) Early fluid resuscitation in severe trauma. BMJ 345:e5752PubMed

69.

Jansen JO, Thomas R, Loudon MA, Brooks A (2009) Damage control resuscitation for patients with major trauma. BMJ 338:b1778PubMed

70.

Holcomb JB, Tilley BC, Baraniuk S et al (2015) Transfusion of plasma, platelets, and red blood cells in a 1:1:1 vs a 1:1:2 ratio and mortality in patients with severe trauma: the PROPPR randomized clinical trial. JAMA 313:471–482PubMedPubMedCentral

71.

Cannon JW, Khan MA, Raja AS et al (2017) Damage control resuscitation in patients with severe traumatic hemorrhage: a practice management guideline from the eastern association for the surgery of trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 82:605–617PubMed

72.

collaborators C, Roberts I, Shakur H et al (2011) The importance of early treatment with tranexamic acid in bleeding trauma patients: an exploratory analysis of the CRASH‑2 randomised controlled trial. Lancet 377:1096–101 e1–2

73.

Ferrada P, Wolfe L, Anand RJ et al (2014) Use of limited transthoracic echocardiography in patients with traumatic cardiac arrest decreases the rate of nontherapeutic thoracotomy and hospital costs. J Ultrasound Med 33:1829–1832PubMed

74.

Sampson HA, Munoz-Furlong A, Campbell RL et al (2006) Second symposium on the definition and management of anaphylaxis: summary report—Second National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease/Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network symposium. J Allergy Clin Immunol 117:391–397PubMed

75.

Turner PJ, Campbell DE, Motosue MS, Campbell RL (2020) Global trends in anaphylaxis epidemiology and clinical implications. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 8:1169–1176PubMedPubMedCentral

76.

Anagnostou K, Turner PJ (2019) Myths, facts and controversies in the diagnosis and management of anaphylaxis. Arch Dis Child 104:83–90PubMed

77.

Simons FE, Ebisawa M, Sanchez-Borges M et al (2015) 2015 update of the evidence base: World Allergy Organization anaphylaxis guidelines. World Allergy Organ J 8:32PubMedPubMedCentral

78.

Shaker MS, Wallace DV, Golden DBK et al (2020) Anaphylaxis—a 2020 practice parameter update, systematic review, and grading of recommendations, assessment, development and evaluation (GRADE) analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 145:1082–1123PubMed

79.

Garvey LH, Dewachter P, Hepner DL et al (2019) Management of suspected immediate perioperative allergic reactions: an international overview and consensus recommendations. Br J Anaesth 123:e50–e64PubMed

80.

Harper NJN, Cook TM, Garcez T et al (2018) Anaesthesia, surgery, and life-threatening allergic reactions: management and outcomes in the 6th National Audit Project (NAP6). Br J Anaesth 121:172–188PubMed

81.

Ebo DG, Clarke RC, Mertes PM, Platt PR, Sabato V, Sadleir PHM (2019) Molecular mechanisms and pathophysiology of perioperative hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis: a narrative review. Br J Anaesth 123:e38–e49PubMed

82.

Dhami S, Panesar SS, Roberts G et al (2014) Management of anaphylaxis: a systematic review. Allergy 69:168–175PubMed

83.

Truhlar A, Deakin CD, Soar J et al (2015) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015: Section 4. Cardiac arrest in special circumstances. Resuscitation 95:148–201PubMed

84.

Visscher PK, Vetter RS, Camazine S (1996) Removing bee stings. Lancet 348:301–302PubMed

85.

Lee JA, Singletary E, Charlton N (2020) Methods of honey bee stinger removal: a systematic review of the literature. Cureus 12:e8078PubMedPubMedCentral

86.

Sheikh A, Shehata YA, Brown SG, Simons FE (2009) Adrenaline for the treatment of anaphylaxis: cochrane systematic review. Allergy 64:204–212PubMed

87.

Singletary EM, Zideman DA, De Buck ED et al (2015) Part 9: first aid: 2015 international consensus on first aid science with treatment recommendations. Circulation 132:S269–S311PubMed

88.

Kelso JM (2006) A second dose of epinephrine for anaphylaxis: how often needed and how to carry. J Allergy Clin Immunol 117:464–465PubMed

89.

Gabrielli S, Clarke A, Morris J et al (2019) Evaluation of prehospital management in a Canadian emergency department anaphylaxis cohort. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 7:2232–2238e3PubMed

90.

Pumphrey RSH (2003) Fatal posture in anaphylactic shock. J Allergy Clin Immunol 112:451–452PubMed

91.

Rhodes A, Evans LE, Alhazzani W et al (2017) Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock: 2016. Intensive Care Med 43:304–377PubMed

92.

Padhi S, Bullock I, Li L, National Institute for H, Care Excellence Guideline Development G (2013) Intravenous fluid therapy for adults in hospital: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ 347:f7073PubMed

93.

Ruiz-Garcia M, Bartra J, Alvarez O et al (2020) Cardiovascular changes during peanut-induced allergic reactions in human subjects. J Allergy Clin Immunol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2020.06.033CrossRef

94.

O’Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, Mak V, British Thoracic Society Emergency Oxygen Guideline G, Group BTSEOGD (2017) BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax 72:ii1–ii90PubMed

95.

Liyanage CK, Galappatthy P, Seneviratne SL (2017) Corticosteroids in management of anaphylaxis; a systematic review of evidence. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol 49:196–207PubMed

96.

Nurmatov UB, Rhatigan E, Simons FE, Sheikh A (2014) H2-antihistamines for the treatment of anaphylaxis with and without shock: a systematic review. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 112:126–131PubMed

97.

Choo KJ, Simons E, Sheikh A (2010) Glucocorticoids for the treatment of anaphylaxis: Cochrane systematic review. Allergy 65:1205–1211PubMed

98.

Alqurashi W, Ellis AK (2017) Do corticosteroids prevent biphasic anaphylaxis? J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 5:1194–1205PubMed

99.

Lee S, Bellolio MF, Hess EP, Campbell RL (2014) Predictors of biphasic reactions in the emergency department for patients with anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2:281–287PubMed

100.

Soar J (2021) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2021 Advanced Life Support. Resuscitation. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.02.010CrossRefPubMed

101.

Harper NJN, Nolan JP, Soar J, Cook TM (2020) Why chest compressions should start when systolic arterial blood pressure is below 50 mm Hg in the anaesthetised patient. Br J Anaesth 124:234–238PubMed

102.

Soar J, Maconochie I, Wyckoff MH et al (2019) 2019 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Resuscitation 145:95–150PubMed

103.

https://www.allergy.org.au/hp//papers/acute-management-of-anaphylaxis-guidelines. Zugegriffen: 10. August 2020

104.

Soar J, Pumphrey R, Cant A et al (2008) Emergency treatment of anaphylactic reactions—guidelines for healthcare providers. Resuscitation 77:157–169PubMed

105.

Excellence NIfHaC (2016) Sepsis: recognition, assessment and eraly management. NICE Guideline 51. National Insitute for Health and Care Excellence, London

106.

Levy MM, Evans LE, Rhodes A (2018) The surviving sepsis campaign bundle: 2018 update. Intensive Care Med 44:925–928PubMed

107.

Levy MM, Dellinger RP, Townsend SR et al (2010) The Surviving Sepsis Campaign: results of an international guideline-based performance improvement program targeting severe sepsis. Crit Care Med 38:367–374PubMed

108.

Levy MM, Rhodes A, Phillips GS et al (2015) Surviving Sepsis Campaign: association between performance metrics and outcomes in a 7.5-year study. Crit Care Med 43:3–12PubMed

109.

Asfar P, Meziani F, Hamel JF et al (2014) High versus low blood-pressure target in patients with septic shock. N Engl J Med 370:1583–1593PubMed

110.

Lamontagne F, Meade MO, Hebert PC et al (2016) Higher versus lower blood pressure targets for vasopressor therapy in shock: a multicentre pilot randomized controlled trial. Intensive Care Med 42:542–550PubMed

111.

Gu WJ, Zhang Z, Bakker J (2015) Early lactate clearance-guided therapy in patients with sepsis: a meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis of randomized controlled trials. Intensive Care Med 41:1862–1863PubMed

112.

Simpson SQ, Gaines M, Hussein Y, Badgett RG (2016) Early goal-directed therapy for severe sepsis and septic shock: a living systematic review. J Crit Care 36:43–48PubMed

113.

Acheampong A, Vincent JL (2015) A positive fluid balance is an independent prognostic factor in patients with sepsis. Crit Care 19:251PubMedPubMedCentral

114.

Brotfain E, Koyfman L, Toledano R et al (2016) Positive fluid balance as a major predictor of clinical outcome of patients with sepsis/septic shock after ICU discharge. Am J Emerg Med 34:2122–2126PubMed

115.

Mitchell KH, Carlbom D, Caldwell E, Leary PJ, Himmelfarb J, Hough CL (2015) Volume overload: prevalence, risk factors, and functional outcome in survivors of septic shock. Ann Am Thorac Soc 12:1837–1844PubMedPubMedCentral

116.

Alfonzo A, Harris A, Baines R, Chu A, Mann S (2020) Clinical practice guidelines treatment of acute hyperkalaemia in adults. The Renal Association, London

117.

Moore ML, Bailey RR (1989) Hyperkalaemia in patients in hospital. N Z Med J 102:557–558PubMed

118.

Shemer J, Modan M, Ezra D, Cabili S (1983) Incidence of hyperkalemia in hospitalized patients. Isr J Med Sci 19:659–661PubMed

119.

Conway R, Creagh D, Byrne DG, O’Riordan D, Silke B (2015) Serum potassium levels as an outcome determinant in acute medical admissions. Clin Med 15:239–243

120.

Wallmuller C, Meron G, Kurkciyan I, Schober A, Stratil P, Sterz F (2012) Causes of in-hospital cardiac arrest and influence on outcome. Resuscitation 83:1206–1211PubMed

121.

Wang CH, Huang CH, Chang WT et al (2016) The effects of calcium and sodium bicarbonate on severe hyperkalaemia during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: A retrospective cohort study of adult in-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 98:105–111PubMed

122.

Saarinen S, Nurmi J, Toivio T, Fredman D, Virkkunen I, Castren M (2012) Does appropriate treatment of the primary underlying cause of PEA during resuscitation improve patients’ survival? Resuscitation 83:819–822PubMed

123.

Smellie WS (2007) Spurious hyperkalaemia. BMJ 334:693–695PubMedPubMedCentral

124.

Sevastos N, Theodossiades G, Archimandritis AJ (2008) Pseudohyperkalemia in serum: a new insight into an old phenomenon. Clin Med Res 6:30–32PubMedPubMedCentral

125.

Ahn S, Kim WY, Sohn CH, Seo DW, Kim W, Lim KS (2011) Potassium values in cardiac arrest patients measured with a point-of-care blood gas analyzer. Resuscitation 82:e25–e26PubMed

126.

Allardet-Servent J, Lebsir M, Dubroca C et al (2017) Point-of-care versus central laboratory measurements of hemoglobin, hematocrit, glucose, bicarbonate and electrolytes: a prospective observational study in critically ill patients. PLoS ONE 12:e169593PubMedPubMedCentral

127.

Dashevsky M, Bernstein SL, Barsky CL, Taylor RA (2017) Agreement between serum assays performed in ED point-of-care and hospital central laboratories. West J Emerg Med 18:403–409PubMedPubMedCentral

128.

Acikgoz SB, Genc AB, Sipahi S et al (2016) Agreement of serum potassium measured by blood gas and biochemistry analyzer in patients with moderate to severe hyperkalemia. Am J Emerg Med 34:794–797PubMed

129.

Durfey N, Lehnhof B, Bergeson A et al (2017) Severe hyperkalemia: Can the electrocardiogram risk stratify for short-term adverse events? West J Emerg Med 18:963–971PubMedPubMedCentral

130.

Batterink J, Lin J, Au-Yeung SH, Cessford T (2015) Effectiveness of sodium polystyrene sulfonate for short-term treatment of hyperkalemia. Can J Hosp Pharm 68:296–303PubMedPubMedCentral

131.

Moussavi K, Nguyen LT, Hua H, Fitter S (2020) Comparison of IV insulin dosing strategies for hyperkalemia in the emergency department. Crit Care Explor 2:e92PubMedPubMedCentral

132.

Farina N, Anderson C (2018) Impact of dextrose dose on hypoglycemia development following treatment of hyperkalemia. Ther Adv Drug Saf 9:323–329PubMedPubMedCentral

133.

Apel J, Reutrakul S, Baldwin D (2014) Hypoglycemia in the treatment of hyperkalemia with insulin in patients with end-stage renal disease. Clin Kidney J 7:248–250PubMedPubMedCentral

134.

Coca A, Valencia AL, Bustamante J, Mendiluce A, Floege J (2017) Hypoglycemia following intravenous insulin plus glucose for hyperkalemia in patients with impaired renal function. PLoS ONE 12:e172961PubMedPubMedCentral

135.

Scott NL, Klein LR, Cales E, Driver BE (2019) Hypoglycemia as a complication of intravenous insulin to treat hyperkalemia in the emergency department. Am J Emerg Med 37:209–213PubMed

136.

Boughton CK, Dixon D, Goble E et al (2019) Preventing hypoglycemia following treatment of hyperkalemia in hospitalized patients. J Hosp Med 14:284–287PubMed

137.

LaRue HA, Peksa GD, Shah SC (2017) A comparison of insulin doses for the treatment of hyperkalemia in patients with renal insufficiency. Pharmacotherapy 37:1516–1522PubMed

138.

Garcia J, Pintens M, Morris A, Takamoto P, Baumgartner L, Tasaka CL (2020) Reduced versus conventional dose insulin for hyperkalemia treatment. J Pharm Pract 33:262–266PubMed

139.

Pierce DA, Russell G, Pirkle JL Jr. (2015) Incidence of hypoglycemia in patients with low eGFR treated with insulin and dextrose for hyperkalemia. Ann Pharmacother 49:1322–1326PubMed

140.

Allon M, Copkney C (1990) Albuterol and insulin for treatment of hyperkalemia in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 38:869–872PubMed

141.

Ahmed J, Weisberg LS (2001) Hyperkalemia in dialysis patients. Semin Dial 14:348–356PubMed

142.

Lens XM, Montoliu J, Cases A, Campistol JM, Revert L (1989) Treatment of hyperkalaemia in renal failure: salbutamol v. insulin. Nephrol Dial Transplant 4:228–232PubMed

143.

Excellence NIfHaC (2019) Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate for treating hyperkalaemia. Technology appraisal guidance TA599. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, London

144.

Excellence NIfHaC (2020) Patiromer for treating hyperkalaemia. Technology appraisal guidance TA623. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, London

145.

Astra Zeneca. Lokelma (sodium zirconium cyclosilicate) for oral suspension: Summary of Product Characteristics. 2018. www.ema.europa.eu/ema/

146.

Kosiborod M, Rasmussen HS, Lavin P et al (2014) Effect of sodium zirconium cyclosilicate on potassium lowering for 28 days among outpatients with hyperkalemia: the HARMONIZE randomized clinical trial. JAMA 312:2223–2233PubMed

147.

Spinowitz BS, Fishbane S, Pergola PE et al (2019) Sodium zirconium Cyclosilicate among individuals with hyperkalemia: a 12-month phase 3 study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 14:798–809PubMedPubMedCentral

148.

Meaney CJ, Beccari MV, Yang Y, Zhao J (2017) Systematic review and meta-analysis of patiromer and sodium zirconium Cyclosilicate: a new armamentarium for the treatment of hyperkalemia. Pharmacotherapy 37:401–411PubMedPubMedCentral

149.

Rafique Z, Liu M, Staggers KA, Minard CG, Peacock WF (2020) Patiromer for treatment of hyperkalemia in the emergency department: a pilot study. Acad Emerg Med 27:54–60PubMed

150.

Peacock WF, Rafique Z, Vishnevskiy K et al (2020) Emergency potassium normalization treatment including sodium zirconium cyclosilicate: a phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study (ENERGIZE). Acad Emerg Med 27:475–486PubMedPubMedCentral

151.

Lin JL, Lim PS, Leu ML, Huang CC (1994) Outcomes of severe hyperkalemia in cardiopulmonary resuscitation with concomitant hemodialysis. Intensive Care Med 20:287–290PubMed

152.

Kao KC, Huang CC, Tsai YH, Lin MC, Tsao TC (2000) Hyperkalemic cardiac arrest successfully reversed by hemodialysis during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: case report. Changgeng Yi Xue Za Zhi 23:555–559PubMed

153.

Chiu CC, Yen HH, Chen YL, Siao FY (2014) Severe hyperkalemia with refractory ventricular fibrillation: successful resuscitation using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Am J Emerg Med 32:943 e5–943 e6

154.

Kim SH, Song JH, Jung KT (2019) Combination of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and inline hemofiltration for the acute hyperkalemic cardiac arrest in a patient with Duchenne muscular dystrophy following orthopedic surgery—a case report. Korean J Anesthesiol 72:178–183PubMed

155.

Klingkowski U, Kropshofer G, Crazzolara R, Schachner T, Cortina G (2019) Refractory hyperkalaemic cardiac arrest—What to do first: Treat the reversible cause or initiate E‑CPR? Resuscitation 142:81PubMed

156.

Jensen HK, Brabrand M, Vinholt PJ, Hallas J, Lassen AT (2015) Hypokalemia in acute medical patients: risk factors and prognosis. Am J Med 128:60–67 e1PubMed

157.

Chen Y, Chang AR, McAdams DeMarco MA et al (2016) Serum potassium, mortality, and kidney outcomes in the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Mayo Clin Proc 91:1403–1412PubMed

158.

Skogestad J, Aronsen JM (2018) Hypokalemia-induced arrhythmias and heart failure: new insights and implications for therapy. Front Physiol 9:1500PubMedPubMedCentral

159.

Steiness E, Olesen KH (1976) Cardiac arrhythmias induced by hypokalaemia and potassium loss during maintenance digoxin therapy. Br Heart J 38:167–172PubMedPubMedCentral

160.

Kardalas E, Paschou SA, Anagnostis P, Muscogiuri G, Siasos G, Vryonidou A (2018) Hypokalemia: a clinical update. Endocr Connect 7:R135–R146PubMedPubMedCentral

161.

Huang CL, Kuo E (2007) Mechanism of hypokalemia in magnesium deficiency. J Am Soc Nephrol 18:2649–2652PubMed

162.

Pasquier M, Hugli O, Paal P et al (2018) Hypothermia outcome prediction after extracorporeal life support for hypothermic cardiac arrest patients: The HOPE score. Resuscitation 126:58–64PubMed

163.

Pasquier M, Rousson V, Darocha T et al (2019) Hypothermia outcome prediction after extracorporeal life support for hypothermic cardiac arrest patients: An external validation of the HOPE score. Resuscitation 139:321–328PubMed

164.

Frei C, Darocha T, Debaty G et al (2019) Clinical characteristics and outcomes of witnessed hypothermic cardiac arrest: a systematic review on rescue collapse. Resuscitation 137:41–48PubMed

165.

Podsiadlo P, Darocha T, Svendsen OS et al (2020) Outcomes of patients suffering unwitnessed hypothermic cardiac arrest rewarmed with extracorporeal life support: a systematic review. Artif Organs. https://doi.org/10.1111/aor.13818CrossRefPubMed

166.

Fujimoto Y, Matsuyama T, Morita S et al (2020) Indoor versus outdoor occurrence in mortality of accidental hypothermia in Japan: the J‑point registry. Ther Hypothermia Temp Manag 10:159–164PubMed

167.

Paal P, Rauch S (2018) Indoor accidental hypothermia in the elderly: an emerging lethal entity in the 21st century. Emerg Med Clin North Am 35:667–668

168.

Strapazzon G, Procter E, Paal P, Brugger H (2014) Pre-hospital core temperature measurement in accidental and therapeutic hypothermia. High Alt Med Biol 15:104–111PubMed

169.

Pasquier M, Paal P, Kosinski S, Brown D, Podsiadlo P, Darocha T (2020) Esophageal temperature measurement. N Engl J Med 383:e93PubMed

170.

Strapazzon G, Procter E, Putzer G et al (2015) Influence of low ambient temperature on epitympanic temperature measurement: a prospective randomized clinical study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 23:90PubMedPubMedCentral

171.

Muth CM, Shank E, Hauser B, Radermacher P, Groger M, Ehrmann U (2010) Infrared ear thermometry in water-related accidents-not a good choice. J Emerg Med 38:417–421PubMed

172.

Henriksson O, Lundgren PJ, Kuklane K et al (2015) Protection against cold in prehospital care: wet clothing removal or addition of a vapor barrier. Wilderness Environ Med 26:11–20PubMed

173.

Lundgren P, Henriksson O, Naredi P, Bjornstig U (2011) The effect of active warming in prehospital trauma care during road and air ambulance transportation—a clinical randomized trial. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 19:59PubMedPubMedCentral

174.

Darocha T, Kosinski S, Jarosz A et al (2017) Should capnography be used as a guide for choosing a ventilation strategy in circulatory shock caused by severe hypothermia? Observational case-series study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 25:15PubMedPubMedCentral

175.

Pasquier M, Zurron N, Weith B et al (2014) Deep accidental hypothermia with core temperature below 24 degrees c presenting with vital signs. High Alt Med Biol 15:58–63PubMed

176.

Mroczek T, Gladki M, Skalski J (2020) Successful resuscitation from accidental hypothermia of 11.8 degrees C: where is the lower bound for human beings? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 58:1091–1092PubMedPubMedCentral

177.

Stephen CR, Dent SJ, Hall KD, Smith WW (1961) Physiologic reactions during profound hypothermia with cardioplegia. Anesthesiology 22:873–881PubMed

178.

Brugger H, Bouzat P, Pasquier M et al (2019) Cut-off values of serum potassium and core temperature at hospital admission for extracorporeal rewarming of avalanche victims in cardiac arrest: a retrospective multi-centre study. Resuscitation 139:222–229PubMed

179.

Saczkowski RS, Brown DJA, Abu-Laban RB, Fradet G, Schulze CJ, Kuzak ND (2018) Prediction and risk stratification of survival in accidental hypothermia requiring extracorporeal life support: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Resuscitation 127:51–57PubMed

180.

Gordon L, Paal P (2018) Normothermic and hypothermic cardiac arrest-Beware of Jekyll and Hyde. Resuscitation 129:e10–e11PubMed

181.

Pasquier M, Paal P, Blancher M, Darocha T (2019) Higher survival chances of hypothermic vs. normothermic cardiac arrest patients with ECLS re-warming. Resuscitation 134:161–162PubMed

182.

Althaus U, Aeberhard P, Schupbach P, Nachbur BH, Muhlemann W (1982) Management of profound accidental hypothermia with cardiorespiratory arrest. Ann Surg 195:492–495PubMedPubMedCentral

183.

Lexow K (1991) Severe accidental hypothermia: survival after 6 hours 30 minutes of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Arctic Med Res 50(Suppl 6):112–114PubMed

184.

Wood S (1991) Interactions between hypoxia and hypothermia. Annu Rev Physiol 53:71–85PubMed

185.

Mair P, Gasteiger L, Mair B, Stroehle M, Walpoth B (2019) Successful defibrillation of four hypothermic patients with witnessed cardiac arrest. High Alt Med Biol 20:71–77PubMed

186.

Stoner J, Martin G, O’Mara K, Ehlers J, Tomlanovich M (2003) Amiodarone and bretylium in the treatment of hypothermic ventricular fibrillation in a canine model. Acad Emerg Med 10:187–191PubMed

187.

Krismer AC, Lindner KH, Kornberger R et al (2000) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation during severe hypothermia in pigs: does epinephrine or vasopressin increase coronary perfusion pressure? Anesth Analg 90:69–73PubMed

188.

Kornberger E, Lindner KH, Mayr VD et al (2001) Effects of epinephrine in a pig model of hypothermic cardiac arrest and closed-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation combined with active rewarming. Resuscitation 50:301–308PubMed

189.

Mazur P, Kosinski S, Podsiadlo P et al (2019) Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for accidental deep hypothermia-current challenges and future perspectives. Ann Cardiothorac Surg 8:137–142PubMedPubMedCentral

190.

Ruttmann E, Weissenbacher A, Ulmer H et al (2007) Prolonged extracorporeal membrane oxygenation-assisted support provides improved survival in hypothermic patients with cardiocirculatory arrest. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 134:594–600PubMed

191.

Gruber E, Beikircher W, Pizzinini R et al (2014) Non-extracorporeal rewarming at a rate of 6.8 degrees C per hour in a deeply hypothermic arrested patient. Resuscitation 85:e119–e120PubMed

192.

Kuhnke M, Albrecht R, Schefold JC, Paal P (2019) Successful resuscitation from prolonged hypothermic cardiac arrest without extracorporeal life support: a case report. J Med Case Rep 13:354PubMedPubMedCentral

193.

Gordon L, Paal P, Ellerton JA, Brugger H, Peek GJ, Zafren K (2015) Delayed and intermittent CPR for severe accidental hypothermia. Resuscitation 90:46–49PubMed

194.

Boue Y, Payen JF, Brun J et al (2014) Survival after avalanche-induced cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 85:1192–1196PubMed

195.

Moroder L, Mair B, Brugger H, Voelckel W, Mair P (2015) Outcome of avalanche victims with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 89:114–118PubMed

196.

Metrailler-Mermoud J, Hugli O, Carron PN et al (2019) Avalanche victims in cardiac arrest are unlikely to survive despite adherence to medical guidelines. Resuscitation 141:35–43PubMed

197.

Brugger H, Durrer B, Elsensohn F et al (2013) Resuscitation of avalanche victims: Evidence-based guidelines of the international commission for mountain emergency medicine (ICAR MEDCOM): intended for physicians and other advanced life support personnel. Resuscitation 84:539–546PubMed

198.

Van Tilburg C, Grissom CK, Zafren K et al (2017) Wilderness medical society practice guidelines for prevention and management of avalanche and nonavalanche snow burial accidents. Wilderness Environ Med 28:23–42PubMed

199.

Kay JE (2020) Early climate models successfully predicted global warming. Nature 578:45–46PubMed

200.

Epstein Y, Yanovich R (2019) Heatstroke. N Engl J Med 380:2449–2459PubMed

201.

Robine JM, Cheung SL, Le Roy S et al (2008) Death toll exceeded 70,000 in Europe during the summer of 2003. C R Biol 331:171–178PubMed

202.

Hayashida K, Shimizu K, Yokota H (2019) Severe heatwave in Japan. Acute Med Surg 6:206–207PubMedPubMedCentral

203.

Lipman GS, Gaudio FG, Eifling KP, Ellis MA, Otten EM, Grissom CK (2019) Wilderness medical society clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and treatment of heat illness: 2019 update. Wilderness Environ Med 30:S33–S46PubMed

204.

Douma MJ, Aves T, Allan KS et al (2020) First aid cooling techniques for heat stroke and exertional hyperthermia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Resuscitation 148:173–190PubMed

205.

Shapiro Y, Seidman DS (1990) Field and clinical observations of exertional heat stroke patients. Med Sci Sports Exerc 22:6–14PubMed

206.

McDermott BP, Casa DJ, Ganio MS et al (2009) Acute whole-body cooling for exercise-induced hyperthermia: a systematic review. J Athl Train 44:84–93PubMedPubMedCentral

207.

Hew-Butler T, Rosner MH, Fowkes-Godek S et al (2015) Statement of the 3rd international exercise-associated hyponatremia consensus development conference, Carlsbad, California, 2015. Br J Sports Med 49:1432–1446PubMed

208.

Bouchama A, Dehbi M, Chaves-Carballo E (2007) Cooling and hemodynamic management in heatstroke: practical recommendations. Crit Care 11:R54PubMedPubMedCentral

209.

Litman RS, Griggs SM, Dowling JJ, Riazi S (2018) Malignant hyperthermia susceptibility and related diseases. Anesthesiology 128:159–167PubMed

210.

Riazi S, Kraeva N, Hopkins PM (2018) Malignant hyperthermia in the post-genomics era: new perspectives on an old concept. Anesthesiology 128:168–180PubMed

211.

Hall AP, Henry JA (2006) Acute toxic effects of ‘Ecstasy’ (MDMA) and related compounds: overview of pathophysiology and clinical management. Br J Anaesth 96:678–685PubMed

212.

Eshel G, Safar P, Sassano J, Stezoski W (1990) Hyperthermia-induced cardiac arrest in dogs and monkeys. Resuscitation 20:129–143PubMed

213.

Zeiner A, Holzer M, Sterz F et al (2001) Hyperthermia after cardiac arrest is associated with an unfavorable neurologic outcome. Arch Intern Med 161:2007–2012PubMed

214.

Konstantinides SV, Meyer G, Becattini C et al (2020) 2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism developed in collaboration with the European Respiratory Society (ERS). Eur Heart J 41:543–603PubMed

215.

Javaudin F, Lascarrou JB, Le Bastard Q et al (2019) Thrombolysis during resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest caused by pulmonary embolism increases 30-day survival: findings from the French national cardiac arrest registry. Chest 156:1167–1175PubMed

216.

Bottiger BW, Arntz HR, Chamberlain DA et al (2008) Thrombolysis during resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 359:2651–2662PubMed

217.

Bergum D, Nordseth T, Mjolstad OC, Skogvoll E, Haugen BO (2015) Causes of in-hospital cardiac arrest—incidences and rate of recognition. Resuscitation 87:63–68PubMed

218.

Kurkciyan I, Meron G, Sterz F et al (2000) Pulmonary embolism as a cause of cardiac arrest: presentation and outcome. Arch Intern Med 160:1529–1535PubMed

219.

Pokorna M, Necas E, Skripsky R, Kratochvil J, Andrlik M, Franek O (2011) How accurately can the aetiology of cardiac arrest be established in an out-of-hospital setting? Analysis by “concordance in diagnosis crosscheck tables”. Resuscitation 82:391–397PubMed

220.

Aagaard R, Lofgren B, Caap P, Mygind-Klausen T, Botker MT, Granfeldt A (2018) A low end-tidal CO2/arterial CO2 ratio during cardiopulmonary resuscitation suggests pulmonary embolism. Resuscitation 133:137–140PubMed

221.

Group S‑KS, Inokuchi S, Masui Y et al (2016) Investigation and treatment of pulmonary embolism as a potential etiology may be important to improve post-resuscitation prognosis in non-shockable out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest: report on an analysis of the SOS-KANTO 2012 study. Acute Med Surg 3:250–259

222.

Heradstveit BE, Sunde K, Sunde GA, Wentzel-Larsen T, Heltne JK (2012) Factors complicating interpretation of capnography during advanced life support in cardiac arrest—a clinical retrospective study in 575 patients. Resuscitation 83:813–818PubMed

223.

White RH (2003) The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism. Circulation 107:I4–8PubMed

224.

Geibel A, Zehender M, Kasper W, Olschewski M, Klima C, Konstantinides SV (2005) Prognostic value of the ECG on admission in patients with acute major pulmonary embolism. Eur Respir J 25:843–848PubMed

225.

Bova C, Greco F, Misuraca G et al (2003) Diagnostic utility of echocardiography in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. Am J Emerg Med 21:180–183PubMed

226.

Wan S, Quinlan DJ, Agnelli G, Eikelboom JW (2004) Thrombolysis compared with heparin for the initial treatment of pulmonary embolism: a meta-analysis of the randomized controlled trials. Circulation 110:744–749PubMed

227.

Goldhaber SZ, Haire WD, Feldstein ML et al (1993) Alteplase versus heparin in acute pulmonary embolism: randomised trial assessing right-ventricular function and pulmonary perfusion. Lancet 341:507–511PubMed

228.

Janata K, Holzer M, Kurkciyan I et al (2003) Major bleeding complications in cardiopulmonary resuscitation: the place of thrombolytic therapy in cardiac arrest due to massive pulmonary embolism. Resuscitation 57:49–55PubMed

229.

Yousuf T, Brinton T, Ahmed K et al (2016) Tissue plasminogen activator use in cardiac arrest secondary to fulminant pulmonary embolism. J Clin Med Res 8:190–195PubMedPubMedCentral

230.

Böttiger BW, Böhrer H, Bach A, Motsch J, Martin E (1994) Bolus injection of thrombolytic agents during cardiopulmonary resuscitation for massive pulmonary embolism. Resuscitation 28:45–54PubMed

231.

Wu JP, Gu DY, Wang S, Zhang ZJ, Zhou JC, Zhang RF (2014) Good neurological recovery after rescue thrombolysis of presumed pulmonary embolism despite prior 100 minutes CPR. J Thorac Dis 6:E289–E293PubMedPubMedCentral

232.

Summers K, Schultheis J, Raiff D, Dahhan T (2019) Evaluation of rescue thrombolysis in cardiac arrest secondary to suspected or confirmed pulmonary embolism. Ann Pharmacother 53:711–715PubMed

233.

Doerge HC, Schoendube FA, Loeser H, Walter M, Messmer BJ (1996) Pulmonary embolectomy: review of a 15-year experience and role in the age of thrombolytic therapy. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 10:952–957PubMed

234.

Konstantinov IE, Saxena P, Koniuszko MD, Alvarez J, Newman MA (2007) Acute massive pulmonary embolism with cardiopulmonary resuscitation: management and results. Tex Heart Inst J 34:41–45 (discussion 5–6)PubMedPubMedCentral

235.

Fava M, Loyola S, Bertoni H, Dougnac A (2005) Massive pulmonary embolism: percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. J Vasc Interv Radiol 16:119–123PubMed

236.

Conrad SA, Broman LM, Taccone FS et al (2018) The Extracorporeal life support organization Maastricht treaty for nomenclature in Extracorporeal life support. A position paper of the extracorporeal life support organization. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 198:447–451PubMedPubMedCentral

237.

Maj G, Melisurgo G, De Bonis M, Pappalardo F (2014) ECLS management in pulmonary embolism with cardiac arrest: which strategy is better? Resuscitation 85:e175–e176PubMed

238.

Swol J, Buchwald D, Strauch J, Schildhauer TA (2016) Extracorporeal life support (ECLS) for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) with pulmonary embolism in surgical patients—a case series. Perfusion 31:54–59PubMed

239.

Soar J, Maconochie I, Wyckoff MH et al (2019) 2019 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations: summary from the basic life support; advanced life support; pediatric life support; neonatal life support; education, implementation, and teams; and first aid task forces. Circulation 140:e826–e880PubMed

240.

Hayashi M, Shimizu W, Albert CM (2015) The spectrum of epidemiology underlying sudden cardiac death. Circ Res 116:1887–1906PubMedPubMedCentral

241.

Myat A, Song KJ, Rea T (2018) Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: current concepts. Lancet 391:970–979PubMed

242.

Myerburg RJ, Junttila MJ (2012) Sudden cardiac death caused by coronary heart disease. Circulation 125:1043–1052PubMed

243.

Yannopoulos D, Bartos JA, Aufderheide TP et al (2019) The evolving role of the cardiac catheterization laboratory in the management of patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a scientific statement from the American heart association. Circulation 139:e530–e552PubMed

244.

Nikolaou NI, Welsford M, Beygui F et al (2015) Part 5: acute coronary syndromes: 2015 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Resuscitation 95:e121–e146PubMed

245.

Roffi M, Patrono C, Collet JP et al (2016) 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: task force for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation of the European society of cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 37:267–315PubMed

246.

Ibanez B, James S, Agewall S et al (2018) 2017 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation: The Task Force for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 39:119–177PubMed

247.

Piepoli MF, Hoes AW, Agewall S et al (2016) 2016 European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: the sixth joint task force of the European society of cardiology and other societies on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts) developed with the special contribution of the European association for cardiovascular prevention & rehabilitation (EACPR). Eur Heart J 37:2315–2381PubMedPubMedCentral

248.

Noc M, Fajadet J, Lassen JF et al (2014) Invasive coronary treatment strategies for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a consensus statement from the European association for percutaneous cardiovascular interventions (EAPCI)/stent for life (SFL) groups. EuroIntervention 10:31–37PubMed

249.

Kotseva K, De Backer G, De Bacquer D et al (2019) Lifestyle and impact on cardiovascular risk factor control in coronary patients across 27 countries: Results from the European Society of Cardiology ESC-EORP EUROASPIRE V registry. Eur J Prev Cardiol 26:824–835PubMed

250.

Rauch B, Davos CH, Doherty P et al (2016) The prognostic effect of cardiac rehabilitation in the era of acute revascularisation and statin therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized and non-randomized studies—The Cardiac Rehabilitation Outcome Study (CROS). Eur J Prev Cardiol 23:1914–1939PubMedPubMedCentral

251.

Ruano-Ravina A, Pena-Gil C, Abu-Assi E et al (2016) Participation and adherence to cardiac rehabilitation programs. A systematic review. Int J Cardiol 223:436–443PubMed

252.

Kotseva K, Wood D, De Bacquer D, investigators E (2018) Determinants of participation and risk factor control according to attendance in cardiac rehabilitation programmes in coronary patients in Europe: EUROASPIRE IV survey. Eur J Prev Cardiol 25:1242–1251PubMed

253.

Piepoli MF, Corra U, Dendale P et al (2016) Challenges in secondary prevention after acute myocardial infarction: a call for action. Eur J Prev Cardiol 23:1994–2006PubMed

254.

Priori SG, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Mazzanti A et al (2015) 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: The Task Force for the Management of Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC). Eur Heart J 36:2793–2867PubMed

255.

Cartledge S, Bray JE, Leary M, Stub D, Finn J (2016) A systematic review of basic life support training targeted to family members of high-risk cardiac patients. Resuscitation 105:70–78PubMed

256.

Cartledge S, Finn J, Bray JE et al (2018) Incorporating cardiopulmonary resuscitation training into a cardiac rehabilitation programme: a feasibility study. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs 17:148–158PubMed

257.

Gonzalez-Salvado V, Abelairas-Gomez C, Gude F et al (2019) Targeting relatives: Impact of a cardiac rehabilitation programme including basic life support training on their skills and attitudes. Eur J Prev Cardiol 26:795–805PubMed

258.

Kalla K, Christ G, Karnik R et al (2006) Implementation of guidelines improves the standard of care: the Viennese registry on reperfusion strategies in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (Vienna STEMI registry). Circulation 113:2398–2405PubMed

259.

Ting HH, Rihal CS, Gersh BJ et al (2007) Regional systems of care to optimize timeliness of reperfusion therapy for ST-elevation myocardial infarction: the Mayo Clinic STEMI Protocol. Circulation 116:729–736PubMed

260.

Glickman SW, Lytle BL, Ou FS et al (2011) Care processes associated with quicker door-in-door-out times for patients with ST-elevation-myocardial infarction requiring transfer: results from a statewide regionalization program. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 4:382–388PubMed

261.

Cequier A, Ariza-Sole A, Elola FJ et al (2017) Impact on mortality of different network systems in the treatment of ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction. The Spanish experience. Rev Esp Cardiol 70:155–161PubMed

262.

Jollis JG, Al-Khalidi HR, Roettig ML et al (2018) Impact of regionalization of ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction care on treatment times and outcomes for emergency medical services-transported patients presenting to hospitals with Percutaneous coronary intervention: mission: lifeline accelerator‑2. Circulation 137:376–387PubMed

263.

Filgueiras Filho NM, Feitosa Filho GS, Solla DJF et al (2018) Implementation of a regional network for ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) care and 30-day mortality in a low- to middle-income city in Brazil: findings from Salvador’s STEMI registry (RESISST). J Am Heart Assoc 7. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.118.008624CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

264.

Cequier A, de Prado PA, Moreno R et al (2019) Percutaneous cardiological intervention and cardiac surgery: patient-centered care. Position statement of the Spanish Society of Cardiology. Rev Esp Cardiol 72:658–663PubMed

265.

Peberdy MA, Donnino MW, Callaway CW et al (2013) Impact of percutaneous coronary intervention performance reporting on cardiac resuscitation centers: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 128:762–773PubMed

266.

Salam I, Hassager C, Thomsen JH et al (2016) Editor’s Choice-Is the pre-hospital ECG after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest accurate for the diagnosis of ST-elevation myocardial infarction? Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 5:317–326PubMed

267.

Zanuttini D, Armellini I, Nucifora G et al (2013) Predictive value of electrocardiogram in diagnosing acute coronary artery lesions among patients with out-of-hospital-cardiac-arrest. Resuscitation 84:1250–1254PubMed

268.

Millin MG, Comer AC, Nable JV et al (2016) Patients without ST elevation after return of spontaneous circulation may benefit from emergent percutaneous intervention: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Resuscitation 108:54–60PubMed

269.

Barbarawi M, Zayed Y, Kheiri B et al (2019) Optimal timing of coronary intervention in patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest without ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Resuscitation 144:137–144PubMed

270.

Lemkes JS, Janssens GN, van der Hoeven NW et al (2019) Coronary angiography after cardiac arrest without ST-segment elevation. N Engl J Med 380:1397–1407PubMed

271.

Nolan JP (2021) European resuscitation council and European Society of intensive care medicine guidelines for post-resuscitation care 2020. Resuscitation. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.02.012CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

272.

Wang PL, Brooks SC (2018) Mechanical versus manual chest compressions for cardiac arrest. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007260.pub4CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

273.

Holmberg MJ, Geri G, Wiberg S et al (2018) Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation for cardiac arrest: a systematic review. Resuscitation 131:91–100PubMedPubMedCentral

274.

Bougouin W, Dumas F, Lamhaut L et al (2020) Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a registry study. Eur Heart J 41:1961–1971PubMed

275.

Roberts DJ, Leigh-Smith S, Faris PD et al (2015) Clinical presentation of patients with tension pneumothorax: a systematic review. Ann Surg 261:1068–1078PubMed

276.

Hilbert-Carius P, Wurmb T, Lier H et al (2017) Care for severely injured persons : update of the 2016 S3 guideline for the treatment of polytrauma and the severely injured. Anaesthesist 66:195–206PubMed

277.

Laan DV, Vu TD, Thiels CA et al (2016) Chest wall thickness and decompression failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing anatomic locations in needle thoracostomy. Injury 47:797–804PubMed

278.

Holcomb JB, McManus JG, Kerr ST, Pusateri AE (2009) Needle versus tube thoracostomy in a swine model of traumatic tension hemopneumothorax. Prehosp Emerg Care 13:18–27PubMed

279.

High K, Brywczynski J, Guillamondegui O (2016) Safety and efficacy of thoracostomy in the air medical environment. Air Med J 35:227–230PubMed

280.

Mowry JB, Spyker DA, Cantilena LR Jr., McMillan N, Ford M (2014) 2013 annual report of the American association of poison control centers’ national poison data system (NPDS): 31st annual report. Clin Toxicol 52:1032–1283

281.

Gummin DD, Mowry JB, Spyker DA et al (2019) 2018 annual report of the American association of poison control centers’ national poison data system (NPDS): 36th annual report. Clin Toxicol 57:1220–1413

282.

Park JH, Shin SD, Song KJ, Park CB, Ro YS, Kwak YH (2012) Epidemiology and outcomes of poisoning-induced out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 83:51–57PubMed

283.

Safranek DJ, Eisenberg MS, Larsen MP (1992) The epidemiology of cardiac arrest in young adults. Ann Emerg Med 21:1102–1106PubMed

284.

Engdahl J, Bang A, Karlson BW, Lindqvist J, Herlitz J (2003) Characteristics and outcome among patients suffering from out of hospital cardiac arrest of non-cardiac aetiology. Resuscitation 57:33–41PubMed

285.

Hess EP, Campbell RL, White RD (2007) Epidemiology, trends, and outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest of non-cardiac origin. Resuscitation 72:200–206PubMed

286.

Yanagawa Y, Sakamoto T, Okada Y (2007) Recovery from a psychotropic drug overdose tends to depend on the time from ingestion to arrival, the Glasgow Coma Scale, and a sign of circulatory insufficiency on arrival. Am J Emerg Med 25:757–761PubMed

287.

Thompson TM, Theobald J, Lu J, Erickson TB (2014) The general approach to the poisoned patient. Dis Mon 60:509–524PubMed

288.

Kim M, Shin SD, Jeong S, Kwak YH, Suh GJ (2017) Poisoning-induced out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and outcomes according to poison agent. J Korean Med Sci 32:2042–2050PubMedPubMedCentral

289.

Graudins A, Lee HM, Druda D (2016) Calcium channel antagonist and beta-blocker overdose: antidotes and adjunct therapies. Br J Clin Pharmacol 81:453–461PubMed

290.

Gosselin S, Hoegberg LC, Hoffman RS et al (2016) Evidence-based recommendations on the use of intravenous lipid emulsion therapy in poisoning(). Clin Toxicol 54:899–923

291.

Lam SH, Majlesi N, Vilke GM (2016) Use of intravenous fat emulsion in the emergency department for the critically ill poisoned patient. J Emerg Med 51:203–214PubMed

292.

Cao D, Heard K, Foran M, Koyfman A (2015) Intravenous lipid emulsion in the emergency department: a systematic review of recent literature. J Emerg Med 48:387–397PubMed

293.

de Lange DW, Sikma MA, Meulenbelt J (2013) Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the treatment of poisoned patients. Clin Toxicol 51:385–393

294.

Masson R, Colas V, Parienti JJ et al (2012) A comparison of survival with and without extracorporeal life support treatment for severe poisoning due to drug intoxication. Resuscitation 83:1413–1417PubMed

295.

Benson BE, Hoppu K, Troutman WG et al (2013) Position paper update: gastric lavage for gastrointestinal decontamination. Clin Toxicol 51:140–146

296.

Seger D (2004) Single-dose activated charcoal-backup and reassess. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 42:101–110PubMed

297.

Chyka PA, Seger D, Krenzelok EP, Vale JA (2005) Position paper: single-dose activated charcoal. Clin Toxicol 43:61–87

298.

Thanacoody R, Caravati EM, Troutman B et al (2015) Position paper update: whole bowel irrigation for gastrointestinal decontamination of overdose patients. Clin Toxicol 53:5–12

299.

Krenzelok EP (2005) Ipecac syrup-induced emesis…no evidence of benefit. Clin Toxicol 43:11–12

300.

Brahmi N, Kouraichi N, Thabet H, Amamou M (2006) Influence of activated charcoal on the pharmacokinetics and the clinical features of carbamazepine poisoning. Am J Emerg Med 24:440–443PubMed

301.

Skinner CG, Chang AS, Matthews AS, Reedy SJ, Morgan BW (2012) Randomized controlled study on the use of multiple-dose activated charcoal in patients with supratherapeutic phenytoin levels. Clin Toxicol 50:764–769

302.

Liss DB, Schwarz ES, Mullins ME (2017) Sodium acetate infusion for serum and urine alkalinization. Ann Emerg Med 70:601–602PubMed

303.

Proudfoot AT, Krenzelok EP, Vale JA (2004) Position Paper on urine alkalinization. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 42:1–26PubMed

304.

Sun X, Chen X, Lu J, Tao Y, Zhang L, Dong L (2019) Extracorporeal treatment in children with acute severe poisoning. Medicine 98:e18086PubMedPubMedCentral

305.

Haines JA, Jacobsen D, Meredith T, Pronczuk de Garbino J (1997) International programme on chemical safety—antidotes project. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 35:125–126PubMed

306.

Betten DP, Vohra RB, Cook MD, Matteucci MJ, Clark RF (2006) Antidote use in the critically ill poisoned patient. J Intensive Care Med 21:255–277PubMed

307.

Forster V, Leroux JC (2015) Nano-antidotes for drug overdose and poisoning. Sci Transl Med 7:290ps14.PubMed

308.

Eddleston M, Rajapakse S, Rajakanthan et al (2000) Anti-digoxin Fab fragments in cardiotoxicity induced by ingestion of yellow oleander: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 355:967–972PubMed

309.

Lapostolle F, Borron SW, Verdier C et al (2008) Digoxin-specific Fab fragments as single first-line therapy in digitalis poisoning. Crit Care Med 36:3014–3018PubMed

310.

Henry M, Kay MM, Viccellio P (1985) Cardiogenic shock associated with calcium-channel and beta blockers: reversal with intravenous calcium chloride. Am J Emerg Med 3:334–336PubMed

311.

Ramoska EA, Spiller HA, Winter M, Borys D (1993) A one-year evaluation of calcium channel blocker overdoses: toxicity and treatment. Ann Emerg Med 22:196–200PubMed

312.

Howarth DM, Dawson AH, Smith AJ, Buckley N, Whyte IM (1994) Calcium channel blocking drug overdose: an Australian series. Hum Exp Toxicol 13:161–166PubMed

313.

Strubelt O, Diederich KW (1990) Studies of antidote therapy for nisoldipine intoxication in experimental animals. Arzneimittelforschung 40:747–751PubMed

314.

Graudins A, Najafi J, Rur SM (2008) Treatment of experimental verapamil poisoning with levosimendan utilizing a rodent model of drug toxicity. Clin Toxicol 46:50–56

315.

Graudins A, Wong KK (2010) Comparative hemodynamic effects of levosimendan alone and in conjunction with 4‑aminopyridine or calcium chloride in a rodent model of severe verapamil poisoning. J Med Toxicol 6:85–93PubMedPubMedCentral

316.

Greene SL, Gawarammana I, Wood DM, Jones AL, Dargan PI (2007) Relative safety of hyperinsulinaemia/euglycaemia therapy in the management of calcium channel blocker overdose: a prospective observational study. Intensive Care Med 33:2019–2024PubMed

317.

Yuan TH, Kerns WPI, Tomaszewski CA, Ford MD, Kline JA (1999) Insulin-glucose as adjunctive therapy for severe calcium channel antagonist poisoning. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 37:463–474PubMed

318.

Boyer EW, Shannon M (2001) Treatment of calcium-channel-blocker intoxication with insulin infusion. N Engl J Med 344:1721–1722PubMed

319.

Espinoza TR, Bryant SM, Aks SE (2013) Hyperinsulin therapy for calcium channel antagonist poisoning: a seven-year retrospective study. Am J Ther 20:29–31PubMed

320.

Kline JA, Leonova E, Raymond RM (1995) Beneficial myocardial metabolic effects of insulin during verapamil toxicity in the anesthetized canine. Crit Care Med 23:1251–1263PubMed

321.

Kline JA, Raymond RM, Leonova ED, Williams TC, Watts JA (1997) Insulin improves heart function and metabolism during non-ischemic cardiogenic shock in awake canines. Cardiovasc Res 34:289–298PubMed

322.

Engebretsen KM, Kaczmarek KM, Morgan J, Holger JS (2011) High-dose insulin therapy in beta-blocker and calcium channel-blocker poisoning. Clin Toxicol 49:277–283

323.

Graudins A, Lee HM, Druda D (2016) Calcium channel antagonist and beta-blocker overdose: antidotes and adjunct therapies. Br J Clin Pharmacol 81:453–461PubMed

324.

Holger JS, Stellpflug SJ, Cole JB, Harris CR, Engebretsen KM (2011) High-dose insulin: a consecutive case series in toxin-induced cardiogenic shock. Clin Toxicol 49:653–658

325.

McGlinchey PG, McNeill AJ (1998) Drug overdoses requiring temporary cardiac pacing; a study of six cases treated at Altnagelvin Hospital, Londonderry. Ulst Med J 67:13–18

326.

Perichon D, Turfus S, Gerostamoulos D, Graudins A (2013) An assessment of the in vivo effects of intravenous lipid emulsion on blood drug concentration and haemodynamics following oro-gastric amitriptyline overdose. Clin Toxicol 51:208–215

327.

Escajeda JT, Katz KD, Rittenberger JC (2015) Successful treatment of metoprolol-induced cardiac arrest with high-dose insulin, lipid emulsion, and ECMO. Am J Emerg Med 33:1111 e1–1111 e4

328.

Kerns W 2nd, Schroeder D, Williams C, Tomaszewski C, Raymond R (1997) Insulin improves survival in a canine model of acute beta-blocker toxicity. Ann Emerg Med 29:748–757PubMed

329.

Cole JB, Arens AM, Laes JR et al (2018) High dose insulin for beta-blocker and calcium channel-blocker poisoning. Am J Emerg Med 36:1817–1824PubMed

330.

Fernandes CM, Daya MR (1995) Sotalol-induced bradycardia reversed by glucagon. Can Fam Physician 41:659–660, 63–5.PubMedPubMedCentral

331.

Bailey B (2003) Glucagon in beta-blocker and calcium channel blocker overdoses: a systematic review. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 41:595–602PubMed

332.

West PL, McKeown NJ, Hendrickson RG (2010) Iatrogenic lipid emulsion overdose in a case of amlodipine poisoning. Clin Toxicol 48:393–396

333.

Kollef MH (1994) Labetalol overdose successfully treated with amrinone and alpha-adrenergic receptor agonists. Chest 105:626–627PubMed

334.

Sasyniuk BI, Jhamandas V, Valois M (1986) Experimental amitriptyline intoxication: treatment of cardiac toxicity with sodium bicarbonate. Ann Emerg Med 15:1052–1059PubMed

335.

Knudsen K, Abrahamsson J (1997) Epinephrine and sodium bicarbonate independently and additively increase survival in experimental amitriptyline poisoning. Crit Care Med 25:669–674PubMed

336.

Bradberry SM, Thanacoody HK, Watt BE, Thomas SH, Vale JA (2005) Management of the cardiovascular complications of tricyclic antidepressant poisoning : role of sodium bicarbonate. Toxicol Rev 24:195–204PubMed

337.

Gunja N, Graudins A (2011) Management of cardiac arrest following poisoning. Emerg Med Australas 23:16–22PubMed

338.

Boehnert MT, Lovejoy FH Jr. (1985) Value of the QRS duration versus the serum drug level in predicting seizures and ventricular arrhythmias after an acute overdose of tricyclic antidepressants. N Engl J Med 313:474–479PubMed

339.

Bou-Abboud E, Nattel S (1996) Relative role of alkalosis and sodium ions in reversal of class I antiarrhythmic drug-induced sodium channel blockade by sodium bicarbonate. Circulation 94:1954–1961PubMed

340.

McCabe JL, Cobaugh DJ, Menegazzi JJ, Fata J (1998) Experimental tricyclic antidepressant toxicity: a randomized, controlled comparison of hypertonic saline solution, sodium bicarbonate, and hyperventilation. Ann Emerg Med 32:329–333PubMed

341.

Gosselin S, Hoegberg LC, Hoffman RS et al (2016) Evidence-based recommendations on the use of intravenous lipid emulsion therapy in poisoning(). Clin Toxicol 54:899–923

342.

Kasnavieh F et al (2013) Intravenous lipid emulsion for the treatment of tricyclic antidepressant toxicity a randomized controlled trial. In: VIIth Mediterranean Emergency Medicine Congress VIIth Mediterranean Emergency Medicine Congress, Marseille

343.

Pileggi DJ, Cook AM (2016) Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Ann Pharmacother 50:973–981PubMed

344.

Barelli A, Botti P, Puppa DT (2010) TBST (toxicological basic support and therapy). IRC Edizioni, Bologna

345.

Roberge RJ, Francis EH 3rd (2002) Use of naloxone in valproic acid overdose: case report and review. J Emerg Med 22:67–70PubMed

346.

Sztajnkrycer MD (2002) Valproic acid toxicity: overview and management. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 40:789–801PubMed

347.

Ghannoum M, Yates C, Galvao TF et al (2014) Extracorporeal treatment for carbamazepine poisoning: systematic review and recommendations from the EXTRIP workgroup. Clin Toxicol 52:993–1004

348.

Sivilotti ML (2016) Flumazenil, naloxone and the ‘coma cocktail. Br J Clin Pharmacol 81:428–436PubMed

349.

Penninga EI, Graudal N, Ladekarl MB, Jurgens G (2016) Adverse events associated with flumazenil treatment for the management of suspected benzodiazepine intoxication—a systematic review with Meta-analyses of Randomised trials. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 118:37–44PubMed

350.

Hiller DB, Gregorio GD, Ripper R et al (2009) Epinephrine impairs lipid resuscitation from bupivacaine overdose: a threshold effect. Anesthesiology 111:498–505PubMed

351.

Carreiro S, Blum J, Jay G, Hack JB (2013) Intravenous lipid emulsion alters the hemodynamic response to epinephrine in a rat model. J Med Toxicol 9:220–225PubMedPubMedCentral

352.

Litz RJ, Popp M, Stehr SN, Koch T (2006) Successful resuscitation of a patient with ropivacaine-induced asystole after axillary plexus block using lipid infusion. Anaesthesia 61:800–801PubMed

353.

Rosenblatt MA, Abel M, Fischer GW, Itzkovich CJ, Eisenkraft JB (2006) Successful use of a 20 % lipid emulsion to resuscitate a patient after a presumed bupivacaine-related cardiac arrest. Anesthesiology 105:217–218PubMed

354.

Ludot H, Tharin JY, Belouadah M, Mazoit JX, Malinovsky JM (2008) Successful resuscitation after ropivacaine and lidocaine-induced ventricular arrhythmia following posterior lumbar plexus block in a child. Anesth Analg 106:1572–1574 (table of contents)PubMed

355.

American College of Medical Toxicology (2011) ACMT position statement: interim guidance for the use of lipid resuscitation therapy. J Med Toxicol 7:81–82PubMedCentral

356.

Hicks SD, Salcido DD, Logue ES et al (2009) Lipid emulsion combined with epinephrine and vasopressin does not improve survival in a swine model of bupivacaine-induced cardiac arrest. Anesthesiology 111:138–146PubMed

357.

Chou R, Korthuis PT, McCarty D et al (2017) Management of suspected opioid overdose with naloxone in out-of-hospital settings: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med 167:867–875PubMed

358.

Gufford BT, Ainslie GR, White JR Jr. et al (2017) Comparison of a new intranasal naloxone formulation to Intramuscular naloxone: results from hypothesis-generating small clinical studies. Clin Transl Sci 10:380–386PubMedPubMedCentral

359.

Honderick T, Williams D, Seaberg D, Wears R (2003) A prospective, randomized, controlled trial of benzodiazepines and nitroglycerine or nitroglycerine alone in the treatment of cocaine-associated acute coronary syndromes. Am J Emerg Med 21:39–42PubMed

360.

Saland KE, Hillis LD, Lange RA, Cigarroa JE (2002) Influence of morphine sulfate on cocaine-induced coronary vasoconstriction. Am J Cardiol 90:810–811PubMed

361.

Lange RA, Cigarroa RG, Yancy CW Jr. et al (1989) Cocaine-induced coronary-artery vasoconstriction. N Engl J Med 321:1557–1562PubMed

362.

Negus BH, Willard JE, Hillis LD et al (1994) Alleviation of cocaine-induced coronary vasoconstriction with intravenous verapamil. Am J Cardiol 73:510–513PubMed

363.

Baumann BM, Perrone J, Hornig SE, Shofer FS, Hollander JE (2000) Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of diazepam, nitroglycerin, or both for treatment of patients with potential cocaine-associated acute coronary syndromes. Acad Emerg Med 7:878–885PubMed

364.

Hollander JE, Hoffman RS, Gennis P et al (1994) Nitroglycerin in the treatment of cocaine associated chest pain—clinical safety and efficacy. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 32:243–256PubMed

365.

Pham D, Addison D, Kayani W et al (2018) Outcomes of beta blocker use in cocaine-associated chest pain: a meta-analysis. Emerg Med Clin North Am 35:559–563

366.

Richards JR, Garber D, Laurin EG et al (2016) Treatment of cocaine cardiovascular toxicity: a systematic review. Clin Toxicol 54:345–364

367.

King A, Dimovska M, Bisoski L (2018) Sympathomimetic toxidromes and other pharmacological causes of acute hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-018-0807-9CrossRefPubMed

368.

Graudins A, Stearman A, Chan B (1998) Treatment of the serotonin syndrome with cyproheptadine. J Emerg Med 16:615–619PubMed

369.

Mason PJ, Morris VA, Balcezak TJ (2000) Serotonin syndrome. Presentation of 2 cases and review of the literature. Medicine 79:201–209PubMed

370.

Gillman PK (1997) Serotonin syndrome treated with chlorpromazine. J Clin Psychopharmacol 17:128–129PubMed

371.

Richelson E, Souder T (2000) Binding of antipsychotic drugs to human brain receptors focus on newer generation compounds. Life Sci 68:29–39PubMed

372.

Fortin JL, Desmettre T, Manzon C et al (2010) Cyanide poisoning and cardiac disorders: 161 cases. J Emerg Med 38:467–476PubMed

373.

Bebarta VS, Tanen DA, Lairet J et al (2010) Hydroxocobalamin and sodium thiosulfate versus sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate in the treatment of acute cyanide toxicity in a swine (Sus scrofa) model. Ann Emerg Med 55:345–351PubMed

374.

MacLennan L, Moiemen N (2015) Management of cyanide toxicity in patients with burns. Burns 41:18–24PubMed

375.

Hall AH, Kulig KW, Rumack BH (1989) Suspected cyanide poisoning in smoke inhalation: complications of sodium nitrite therapy. J Toxicol Clin Exp 9:3–9PubMed

376.

Kirk MA, Gerace R, Kulig KW (1993) Cyanide and methemoglobin kinetics in smoke inhalation victims treated with the cyanide antidote kit. Ann Emerg Med 22:1413–1418PubMed

377.

Weaver LK (2009) Clinical practice. Carbon monoxide poisoning. N Engl J Med 360:1217–1225PubMed

378.

Betterman K, Patel S (2014) Neurologic complications of carbon monoxide intoxication. Handb Clin Neurol 120:971–979PubMed

379.

Lin CH, Su WH, Chen YC et al (2018) Treatment with normobaric or hyperbaric oxygen and its effect on neuropsychometric dysfunction after carbon monoxide poisoning: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine 97:e12456PubMedPubMedCentral

380.

Buckley NA, Juurlink DN, Isbister G, Bennett MH, Lavonas EJ (2011) Hyperbaric oxygen for carbon monoxide poisoning. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002041.pub3CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

381.

Dries DJ, Endorf FW (2013) Inhalation injury: epidemiology, pathology, treatment strategies. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 21:31PubMedPubMedCentral

382.

Roderique JD, Josef CS, Feldman MJ, Spiess BD (2015) A modern literature review of carbon monoxide poisoning theories, therapies, and potential targets for therapy advancement. Toxicology 334:45–58PubMed

383.

Hoidal CR, Hall AH, Robinson MD, Kulig K, Rumack BH (1986) Hydrogen sulfide poisoning from toxic inhalations of roofing asphalt fumes. Ann Emerg Med 15:826–830PubMed

384.

Hall AH, Rumack BH (1997) Hydrogen sulfide poisoning: an antidotal role for sodium nitrite? Vet Hum Toxicol 39:152–154PubMed

385.

Cronican AA, Frawley KL, Ahmed H, Pearce LL, Peterson J (2015) Antagonism of acute sulfide poisoning in mice by nitrite anion without methemoglobinemia. Chem Res Toxicol 28:1398–1408PubMedPubMedCentral

386.

Bebarta VS, Garrett N, Brenner M et al (2017) Efficacy of intravenous cobinamide versus hydroxocobalamin or saline for treatment of severe hydrogen sulfide toxicity in a swine (Sus scrofa) model. Acad Emerg Med 24:1088–1098PubMed

387.

Rumbeiha W, Whitley E, Anantharam P, Kim DS, Kanthasamy A (2016) Acute hydrogen sulfide-induced neuropathology and neurological sequelae: challenges for translational neuroprotective research. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1378:5–16PubMedPubMedCentral

388.

Rendell R, Fairhall S, Graham S et al (2018) Assessment of N‑acetylcysteine as a therapy for phosgene-induced acute lung injury. Toxicol Lett 290:145–152PubMed

389.

Tormoehlen LM, Tekulve KJ, Nanagas KA (2014) Hydrocarbon toxicity: a review. Clin Toxicol 52:479–489

390.

Dell’Aglio DM, Sutter ME, Schwartz MD et al (2010) Acute chloroform ingestion successfully treated with intravenously administered N‑acetylcysteine. J Med Toxicol 6:143–146PubMedPubMedCentral

391.

Robinson RF, Nahata MC (2003) Management of botulism. Ann Pharmacother 37:127–131PubMed

392.

Sobel J (2009) Diagnosis and treatment of botulism: a century later, clinical suspicion remains the cornerstone. Clin Infect Dis 48:1674–1675PubMed

393.

Gerardo CJ, Quackenbush E, Lewis B et al (2017) The efficacy of crotalidae polyvalent immune fab (ovine) antivenom versus placebo plus optional rescue therapy on recovery from copperhead snake envenomation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Ann Emerg Med 70:233–244e3PubMed

394.

Currie BJ, Jacups SP (2005) Prospective study of Chironex fleckeri and other box jellyfish stings in the “top end” of Australia’s northern territory. Med J Aust 183:631–636PubMed

395.

Hinkelbein J, Andres J, Thies KC, Robertis EDE (2017) Perioperative cardiac arrest in the operating room environment: a review of the literature. Minerva Anestesiol 83:1190–1198PubMed

396.

Hur M, Lee HC, Lee KH, Kim JT, Jung CW, Park HP (2017) The incidence and characteristics of 3‑month mortality after intraoperative cardiac arrest in adults. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 61:1095–1104PubMed

397.

Zuercher M, Ummenhofer W (2008) Cardiac arrest during anesthesia. Curr Opin Crit Care 14:269–274PubMed

398.

Kaiser HA, Saied NN, Kokoefer AS, Saffour L, Zoller JK, Helwani MA (2020) Incidence and prediction of intraoperative and postoperative cardiac arrest requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation and 30-day mortality in non-cardiac surgical patients. PLoS ONE 15:e225939PubMedPubMedCentral

399.

Andres J, Hinkelbein J, Bottiger BW (2013) The stepchild of emergency medicine: sudden unexpected cardiac arrest during anaesthesia—do we need anaesthesia-centred Advanced Life Support guidelines? Eur J Anaesthesiol 30:95–96PubMed

400.

Moitra VK, Gabrielli A, Maccioli GA, O’Connor MF (2012) Anesthesia advanced circulatory life support. Can J Anaesth 59:586–603PubMedPubMedCentral

401.

Moitra VK, Einav S, Thies KC et al (2018) Cardiac arrest in the operating room: resuscitation and management for the anesthesiologist: part 1. Anesth Analg 126:876–888PubMed

402.

Brown J, Rogers J, Soar J (2001) Cardiac arrest during surgery and ventilation in the prone position: a case report and systematic review. Resuscitation 50:233–238PubMed

403.

Atkinson MC (2000) The efficacy of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the prone position. Crit Care Resusc 2:188–190PubMed

404.

Mertes PM, Tajima K, Regnier-Kimmoun MA et al (2010) Perioperative anaphylaxis. Med Clin North Am 94:761–789, xiPubMed

405.

Wolfe JW, Butterworth JF (2011) Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: update on mechanisms and treatment. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 24:561–566PubMed

406.

Waring WS (2012) Intravenous lipid administration for drug-induced toxicity: a critical review of the existing data. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 5:437–444PubMed

407.

Neal JM, Mulroy MF, Weinberg GL, American Society of Regional A, Pain M (2012) American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine checklist for managing local anesthetic systemic toxicity: 2012 version. Reg Anesth Pain Med 37:16–18PubMed

408.

Cave G, Harvey MG (2014) Should we consider the infusion of lipid emulsion in the resuscitation of poisoned patients? Crit Care 18:457PubMedPubMedCentral

409.

Ozcan MS, Weinberg G (2014) Intravenous lipid emulsion for the treatment of drug toxicity. J Intensive Care Med 29:59–70PubMed

410.

Meaney PA, Bobrow BJ, Mancini ME et al (2013) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality: improving cardiac resuscitation outcomes both inside and outside the hospital: a consensus statement from the american heart association. Circulation 128:417–435PubMed

411.

Cingi EC, McMahon LA, Prielipp RC (2016) Novel resuscitation devices facilitate complete neurologic recovery after prolonged cardiac arrest in postanesthesia care unit. J Clin Anesth 35:530–535PubMed

412.

Adam Z, Adam S, Everngam RL et al (2009) Resuscitation after cardiac surgery: results of an international survey. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 36:29–34PubMed

413.

LaPar DJ, Ghanta RK, Kern JA et al (2014) Hospital variation in mortality from cardiac arrest after cardiac surgery: an opportunity for improvement? Ann Thorac Surg 98:534–539 (discussion 9–40)PubMedPubMedCentral

414.

Vakil K, Kealhofer JV, Alraies MC et al (2016) Long-term outcomes of patients who had cardiac arrest after cardiac operations. Ann Thorac Surg 102:512–517PubMed

415.

Gupta P, Rettiganti M, Jeffries HE et al (2016) Risk factors and outcomes of in-hospital cardiac arrest following pediatric heart operations of varying complexity. Resuscitation 105:1–7PubMed

416.

Soar J, Donnino MW, Maconochie I et al (2018) 2018 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations summary. Resuscitation 133:194–206PubMed

417.

Clark SC, Dunning J, Alfieri OR et al (2012) EACTS guidelines for the use of patient safety checklists. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 41:993–1004PubMed

418.

Dunning J, Fabbri A, Kolh PH et al (2009) Guideline for resuscitation in cardiac arrest after cardiac surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 36:3–28PubMed

419.

Society of Thoracic Surgeons Task Force on Resuscitation After Cardiac S (2017) The society of thoracic surgeons expert consensus for the resuscitation of patients who arrest after cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 103:1005–1020

420.

Dunning J, Nandi J, Ariffin S, Jerstice J, Danitsch D, Levine A (2006) The cardiac surgery advanced life support course (CALS): delivering significant improvements in emergency cardiothoracic care. Ann Thorac Surg 81:1767–1772PubMed

421.

Haynes AB, Weiser TG, Berry WR et al (2009) A surgical safety checklist to reduce morbidity and mortality in a global population. N Engl J Med 360:491–499PubMed

422.

Lomivorotov VV, Efremov SM, Kirov MY, Fominskiy EV, Karaskov AM (2017) Low-cardiac-output syndrome after cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 31:291–308PubMed

423.

Pagano D, Milojevic M, Meesters MI et al (2018) 2017 EACTS/EACTA Guidelines on patient blood management for adult cardiac surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 53:79–111PubMed

424.

Flachskampf FA, Wouters PF, Edvardsen T et al (2014) Recommendations for transoesophageal echocardiography: EACVI update 2014. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 15:353–365PubMed

425.

Peretto G, Durante A, Limite LR, Cianflone D (2014) Postoperative arrhythmias after cardiac surgery: incidence, risk factors, and therapeutic management. Cardiol Res Pract 2014:615987PubMedPubMedCentral

426.

Lockowandt U, Levine A, Strang T, Dunning J (2008) If a patient arrests after cardiac surgery is it acceptable to delay cardiopulmonary resuscitation until you have attempted either defibrillation or pacing? Interact CardioVasc Thorac Surg 7:878–885PubMed

427.

Richardson L, Dissanayake A, Dunning J (2007) What cardioversion protocol for ventricular fibrillation should be followed for patients who arrest shortly post-cardiac surgery? Interact CardioVasc Thorac Surg 6:799–805PubMed

428.

2005 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Part 4: Advanced life support. Resuscitation 2005;67:213–47.

429.

Twomey D, Das M, Subramanian H, Dunning J (2008) Is internal massage superior to external massage for patients suffering a cardiac arrest after cardiac surgery? Interact CardioVasc Thorac Surg 7:151–156PubMed

430.

Tsagkataki M, Levine A, Strang T, Dunning J (2008) Should adrenaline be routinely used by the resuscitation team if a patient suffers a cardiac arrest shortly after cardiac surgery? Interact CardioVasc Thorac Surg 7:457–462PubMed

431.

Holmberg MJ, Issa MS, Moskowitz A et al (2019) Vasopressors during adult cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Resuscitation 139:106–121PubMed

432.

Charalambous CP, Zipitis CS, Keenan DJ (2006) Chest reexploration in the intensive care unit after cardiac surgery: a safe alternative to returning to the operating theater. Ann Thorac Surg 81:191–194PubMed

433.

Mackay JH, Powell SJ, Osgathorp J, Rozario CJ (2002) Six-year prospective audit of chest reopening after cardiac arrest. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 22:421–425PubMed

434.

Zhao Y, Xing J, Du Z, Liu F, Jia M, Hou X (2015) Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation for adult patients who underwent post-cardiac surgery. Eur J Med Res 20:83PubMedPubMedCentral

435.

Addala S, Kahn JK, Moccia TF et al (2005) Outcome of ventricular fibrillation developing during percutaneous coronary interventions in 19,497 patients without cardiogenic shock. Am J Cardiol 96:764–765PubMed

436.

Mehta RH, Starr AZ, Lopes RD et al (2009) Incidence of and outcomes associated with ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. JAMA 301:1779–1789PubMed

437.

Finn JC, Bhanji F, Lockey A et al (2015) Part 8: Education, implementation, and teams: 2015 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Resuscitation 95:e203–e224PubMed

438.

Olasveengen TM, de Caen AR, Mancini ME et al (2017) 2017 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations summary. Resuscitation 121:201–214PubMed

439.

Naidu SS, Aronow HD, Box LC et al (2016) SCAI expert consensus statement: 2016 best practices in the cardiac catheterization laboratory: (Endorsed by the cardiological society of india, and sociedad Latino Americana de Cardiologia intervencionista; Affirmation of value by the Canadian Association of interventional cardiology-Association canadienne de cardiologie d’intervention). Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 88:407–423

440.

Abrams D, Garan AR, Abdelbary A et al (2018) Position paper for the organization of ECMO programs for cardiac failure in adults. Intensive Care Med 44:717–729PubMed

441.

Van de Walle S, Lerman A, Chevalier B et al (2008) Constructing a checklist for the prevention of complications during percutaneous coronary intervention. EuroIntervention 4:189–192PubMed

442.

Cahill TJ, Clarke SC, Simpson IA, Stables RH (2015) A patient safety checklist for the cardiac catheterisation laboratory. Heart 101:91–93PubMed

443.

Lindsay AC, Bishop J, Harron K, Davies S, Haxby E (2018) Use of a safe procedure checklist in the cardiac catheterisation laboratory. BMJ Open Qual 7:e74PubMedPubMedCentral

444.

Clattenburg EJ, Wroe PC, Gardner K et al (2018) Implementation of the Cardiac Arrest Sonographic Assessment (CASA) protocol for patients with cardiac arrest is associated with shorter CPR pulse checks. Resuscitation 131:69–73PubMed

445.

Lien WC, Hsu SH, Chong KM et al (2018) US-CAB protocol for ultrasonographic evaluation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: validation and potential impact. Resuscitation 127:125–131PubMed

446.

Huis In ’t Veld MA, Allison MG, Bostick DS et al (2017) Ultrasound use during cardiopulmonary resuscitation is associated with delays in chest compressions. Resuscitation 119:95–98PubMed

447.

Parker BK, Salerno A, Euerle BD (2019) The use of transesophageal echocardiography during cardiac arrest resuscitation: a literature review. J Ultrasound Med 38:1141–1151PubMed

448.

Fair J, Mallin M, Mallemat H et al (2018) Transesophageal echocardiography: guidelines for point-of-care applications in cardiac arrest resuscitation. Ann Emerg Med 71:201–207PubMed

449.

Vase H, Christensen S, Christiansen A et al (2017) The Impella CP device for acute mechanical circulatory support in refractory cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 112:70–74PubMed

450.

Garcia-Carreno J, Sousa-Casasnovas I, Devesa-Cordero C, Gutierrez-Ibanes E, Fernandez-Aviles F, Martinez-Selles M (2019) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation with percutaneous ECMO in refractory in-hospital cardiac arrest: a single-center experience. Rev Esp Cardiol 72:880–882PubMed

451.

Arlt M, Philipp A, Voelkel S et al (2012) Early experiences with miniaturized extracorporeal life-support in the catheterization laboratory. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 42:858–863PubMed

452.

Guglin M, Zucker MJ, Bazan VM et al (2019) Venoarterial ECMO for adults: JACC scientific expert panel. J Am Coll Cardiol 73:698–716PubMed

453.

D’Arrigo S, Cacciola S, Dennis M et al (2017) Predictors of favourable outcome after in-hospital cardiac arrest treated with extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Resuscitation 121:62–70PubMed

454.

Makar MS, Pun PH (2017) Sudden cardiac death among hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 69:684–695PubMedPubMedCentral

455.

Karnik JA, Young BS, Lew NL et al (2001) Cardiac arrest and sudden death in dialysis units. Kidney Int 60:350–357PubMed

456.

Davis TR, Young BA, Eisenberg MS, Rea TD, Copass MK, Cobb LA (2008) Outcome of cardiac arrests attended by emergency medical services staff at community outpatient dialysis centers. Kidney Int 73:933–939PubMed

457.

Lafrance JP, Nolin L, Senecal L, Leblanc M (2006) Predictors and outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) calls in a large haemodialysis unit over a seven-year period. Nephrol Dial Transplant 21:1006–1012PubMed

458.

Bleyer AJ, Hartman J, Brannon PC, Reeves-Daniel A, Satko SG, Russell G (2006) Characteristics of sudden death in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 69:2268–2273PubMed

459.

Pun PH, Lehrich RW, Honeycutt EF, Herzog CA, Middleton JP (2011) Modifiable risk factors associated with sudden cardiac arrest within hemodialysis clinics. Kidney Int 79:218–227PubMed

460.

Starks MA, Wu J, Peterson ED et al (2020) In-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitation practices and outcomes in maintenance dialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 15:219–227PubMedPubMedCentral

461.

Bander SJ, Walters BA (1998) Hemodialysis morbidity and mortality: links to patient non-compliance. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 7:649–653PubMed

462.

Kovesdy CP, Regidor DL, Mehrotra R et al (2007) Serum and dialysate potassium concentrations and survival in hemodialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2:999–1007PubMed

463.

Foley RN, Gilbertson DT, Murray T, Collins AJ (2011) Long interdialytic interval and mortality among patients receiving hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 365:1099–1107PubMed

464.

Moss AH, Holley JL, Upton MB (1992) Outcomes of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 3:1238–1243PubMed

465.

Wong SP, Kreuter W, Curtis JR, Hall YN, O’Hare AM (2015) Trends in in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation and survival in adults receiving maintenance dialysis. JAMA Intern Med 175:1028–1035PubMedPubMedCentral

466.

Saeed F, Adil MM, Malik AA, Schold JD, Holley JL (2015) Outcomes of in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation in maintenance dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 26:3093–3101PubMedPubMedCentral

467.

Jadoul M, Thumma J, Fuller DS et al (2012) Modifiable practices associated with sudden death among hemodialysis patients in the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 7:765–774PubMedPubMedCentral

468.

Lehrich RW, Pun PH, Tanenbaum ND, Smith SR, Middleton JP (2007) Automated external defibrillators and survival from cardiac arrest in the outpatient hemodialysis clinic. J Am Soc Nephrol 18:312–320PubMed

469.

Muller MP, Hansel M, Stehr SN, Weber S, Koch T (2008) A state-wide survey of medical emergency management in dental practices: incidence of emergencies and training experience. Emerg Med Clin North Am 25:296–300

470.

Arsati F, Montalli VA, Florio FM et al (2010) Brazilian dentists’ attitudes about medical emergencies during dental treatment. J Dent Educ 74:661–666PubMed

471.

Girdler NM, Smith DG (1999) Prevalence of emergency events in British dental practice and emergency management skills of British dentists. Resuscitation 41:159–167PubMed

472.

Chapman PJ, Penkeyman HW (2002) Successful defibrillation of a dental patient in cardiac arrest. Aust Dent J 47:176–177PubMed

473.

Absi EG (1987) A cardiac arrest in the dental chair. Br Dent J 163:199–200PubMed

474.

Yokoyama T, Yoshida K, Suwa K (2008) Efficacy of external cardiac compression in a dental chair. Resuscitation 79:175–176PubMed

475.

Fujino H, Yokoyama T, Yoshida K, Suwa K (2010) Using a stool for stabilization of a dental chair when CPR is required. Resuscitation 81:502PubMed

476.

Laurent F, Segal N, Augustin P (2010) Chest compression: not as effective on dental chair as on the floor. Resuscitation 81:1729 (author reply 30)PubMed

477.

Lepere AJ, Finn J, Jacobs I (2003) Efficacy of cardiopulmonary resuscitation performed in a dental chair. Aust Dent J 48:244–247PubMed

478.

Meechan JG, Skelly AM (1997) Problems complicating dental treatment with local anaesthesia or sedation: prevention and management. Dent Update 24:278–283PubMed

479.

Jowett NI, Cabot LB (2000) Patients with cardiac disease: considerations for the dental practitioner. Br Dent J 189:297–302PubMed

480.

Awata N, Hitosugi T, Miki Y, Tsukamoto M, Kawakubo Y, Yokoyama T (2019) Usefulness of a stool to stabilize dental chairs for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). BMC Emerg Med 19:46PubMedPubMedCentral

481.

Handley AJ, Handley JA (2004) Performing chest compressions in a confined space. Resuscitation 61:55–61PubMed

482.

Perkins GD, Stephenson BT, Smith CM, Gao F (2004) A comparison between over-the-head and standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 61:155–161PubMed

483.

Rosenberg M (2010) Preparing for medical emergencies: the essential drugs and equipment for the dental office. J Am Dent Assoc 141(Suppl 1):14S–19SPubMed

484.

Laurent F, Augustin P, Zak C, Maman L, Segal N (2011) Preparedness of dental practices to treat cardiac arrest: availability of defibrillators. Resuscitation 82:1468–1469PubMed

485.

Kandray DP, Pieren JA, Benner RW (2007) Attitudes of Ohio dentists and dental hygienists on the use of automated external defibrillators. J Dent Educ 71:480–486PubMed

486.

Breuer G, Knipfer C, Huber T et al (2016) Competency in managing cardiac arrest: A scenario-based evaluation of dental students. Acta Odontol Scand 74:241–249PubMed

487.

Chapman PJ (1995) A questionnaire survey of dentists regarding knowledge and perceived competence in resuscitation and occurrence of resuscitation emergencies. Aust Dent J 40:98–103PubMed

488.

Atherton GJ, Pemberton MN, Thornhill MH (2000) Medical emergencies: the experience of staff of a UK dental teaching hospital. Br Dent J 188:320–324PubMed

489.

Association International Air Transport (2016) http://www.iata.org/pressroom/fact_figures/fact_sheets/Documents/fact-sheet-industry-facts.pdf. Zugegriffen: 20. Juli 2020

490.

Graf J, Stuben U, Pump S (2012) In-flight medical emergencies. Dtsch Arztebl Int 109:591–601 (quiz 2)PubMedPubMedCentral

491.

Hinkelbein J (2015) Significant more research required: no further progress without sound medical data and valid denominators for in-flight medical emergencies. J Travel Med 22:355–356PubMed

492.

Hinkelbein J, Neuhaus C, Wetsch WA et al (2014) Emergency medical equipment on board German airliners. J Travel Med 21:318–323PubMed

493.

Peterson DC, Martin-Gill C, Guyette FX et al (2013) Outcomes of medical emergencies on commercial airline flights. N Engl J Med 368:2075–2083PubMedPubMedCentral

494.

Hinkelbein J, Neuhaus C (2019) In-flight cardiac arrest and in-flight cardiopulmonary resuscitation during commercial air travel: consensus statement and supplementary treatment guideline from the German society of aerospace medicine (DGLRM): reply. Intern Emerg Med 14:629–630PubMed

495.

Charles RA (2011) Cardiac arrest in the skies. Singapore Med J 52:582–585PubMed

496.

Hinkelbein J, Bohm L, Braunecker S et al (2018) In-flight cardiac arrest and in-flight cardiopulmonary resuscitation during commercial air travel: consensus statement and supplementary treatment guideline from the German Society of Aerospace Medicine (DGLRM). Intern Emerg Med 13:1305–1322PubMed

497.

Mahony PH, Griffiths RF, Larsen P, Powell D (2008) Retention of knowledge and skills in first aid and resuscitation by airline cabin crew. Resuscitation 76:413–418PubMed

498.

Brown AM, Rittenberger JC, Ammon CM, Harrington S, Guyette FX (2010) In-flight automated external defibrillator use and consultation patterns. Prehosp Emerg Care 14:235–239PubMedPubMedCentral

499.

Skogvoll E, Bjelland E, Thorarinsson B (2000) Helicopter emergency medical service in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest-—a 10-year population-based study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 44:972–979PubMed

500.

Lyon RM, Nelson MJ (2013) Helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) response to out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 21:1PubMedPubMedCentral

501.

Hinkelbein J, Schmitz J, Glaser E (2019) Pressure but not the fraction of oxygen is altered in the aircraft cabin. Anaesth Intensive Care 47:209PubMed

502.

Verjee MA, Crone R, Ostrovskiy G (2018) Medical issues in flight and updating the emergency medical kit. Open Access Emerg Med 10:47–51PubMedPubMedCentral

503.

Rauch S, Strapazzon G, Brodmann M et al (2018) Implementation of a mechanical CPR device in a physician staffed HEMS—a prospective observational study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 26:36PubMedPubMedCentral

504.

McIntosh SE, Swanson ER, McKeone A, Barton ED (2008) Location of airway management in air medical transport. Prehosp Emerg Care 12:438–442PubMed

505.

Das A, Majumdar S, Mukherjee A et al (2014) i‑gel in ambulatory surgery: a comparison with LMA-proseal in paralyzed anaesthetized patients. J Clin Diagn Res 8:80–84PubMedPubMedCentral

506.

Ley SJ (2015) Standards for resuscitation after cardiac surgery. Crit Care Nurse 35:30–37 (quiz 8.)PubMed

507.

Paal P, Ellerton J, Sumann G et al (2007) Basic life support ventilation in mountain rescue. Official recommendations of the International Commission for Mountain Emergency Medicine (ICAR MEDCOM). High Alt Med Biol 8:147–154PubMed

508.

Elsensohn F, Soteras I, Resiten O, Ellerton J, Brugger H, Paal P (2011) Equipment of medical backpacks in mountain rescue. High Alt Med Biol 12:343–347PubMed

509.

Doan TN, Schultz BV, Rashford S, Bosley E (2020) Surviving out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: the important role of bystander interventions. Australas Emerg Care 23:47–54PubMed

510.

Carron M, Emeyriat N, Levraut J, Blondeau N (2018) Cruise ship pathologies in remote regions. Int Marit Health 69:75–83PubMed

511.

Alves PM, Leigh R, Bartos G, Mody R, Gholson L, Nerwich N (2010) Cardiovascular events on board commercial maritime vessels: a two-year review. Int Marit Health 62:137–142PubMed

512.

Marijon E, Bougouin W, Karam N et al (2015) Survival from sports-related sudden cardiac arrest: In sports facilities versus outside of sports facilities. Am Heart J 170:339–345e1PubMed

513.

Ackerman M, Atkins DL, Triedman JK (2016) Sudden cardiac death in the young. Circulation 133:1006–1026PubMedPubMedCentral

514.

Finocchiaro G, Papadakis M, Robertus JL et al (2016) Etiology of sudden death in sports: insights from a united kingdom regional registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 67:2108–2115PubMed

515.

Landry CH, Allan KS, Connelly KA et al (2017) Sudden cardiac arrest during participation in competitive sports. N Engl J Med 377:1943–1953PubMedPubMedCentral

516.

Northcote RJ, Flannigan C, Ballantyne D (1986) Sudden death and vigorous exercise—a study of 60 deaths associated with squash. Br Heart J 55:198–203PubMedPubMedCentral

517.

Burtscher M, Pachinger O, Mittleman MA, Ulmer H (2000) Prior myocardial infarction is the major risk factor associated with sudden cardiac death during downhill skiing. Int J Sports Med 21:613–615PubMed

518.

Kim JH, Malhotra R, Chiampas G et al (2012) Cardiac arrest during long-distance running races. N Engl J Med 366:130–140PubMed

519.

Harris KM, Creswell LL, Haas TS et al (2017) Death and cardiac arrest in U.S. Triathlon participants, 1985 to 2016: a case series. Ann Intern Med 167:529–535PubMed

520.

Link MS, Estes NA 3rd (2012) Sudden cardiac death in the athlete: bridging the gaps between evidence, policy, and practice. Circulation 125:2511–2516PubMed

521.

Franklin BA, Thompson PD, Al-Zaiti SS et al (2020) Exercise-related acute cardiovascular events and potential deleterious adaptations following long-term exercise training: placing the risks into perspective—an update: a scientific statement from the American heart association. Circulation 141:e705–e736PubMed

522.

Albert CM, Mittleman MA, Chae CU, Lee IM, Hennekens CH, Manson JE (2000) Triggering of sudden death from cardiac causes by vigorous exertion. N Engl J Med 343:1355–1361PubMed

523.

Marijon E, Bougouin W, Jouven X (2015) Sports-related sudden death: lessons from the French registry. Rev Prat 65:919–923PubMed

524.

Kiyohara K, Nishiyama C, Kiguchi T et al (2017) Exercise-related out-of-hospital cardiac arrest among the general population in the era of public-access defibrillation: a population-based observation in Japan. J Am Heart Assoc 6. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.005786CrossRef

525.

Berdowski J, de Beus MF, Blom M et al (2013) Exercise-related out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the general population: incidence and prognosis. Eur Heart J 34:3616–3623PubMed

526.

Drezner JA, Toresdahl BG, Rao AL, Huszti E, Harmon KG (2013) Outcomes from sudden cardiac arrest in US high schools: a 2-year prospective study from the National Registry for AED Use in Sports. Br J Sports Med 47:1179–1183PubMed

527.

Mont L, Pelliccia A, Sharma S et al (2017) Pre-participation cardiovascular evaluation for athletic participants to prevent sudden death: position paper from the EHRA and the EACPR, branches of the ESC. Endorsed by APHRS, HRS, and SOLAECE. Eur J Prev Cardiol 24:41–69PubMed

528.

Maron BJ, Friedman RA, Kligfield P et al (2014) Assessment of the 12-lead ECG as a screening test for detection of cardiovascular disease in healthy general populations of young people (12–25 Years of Age): a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology. Circulation 130:1303–1334PubMed

529.

Wilson MG, Drezner JA, Sharma S (2016) IOC manual of sports cardiology. Wiley, London

530.

Armstrong M, Paternostro-Bayles M, Conroy MB, Franklin BA, Richardson C, Kriska A (2018) Preparticipation screening prior to physical activity in community lifestyle interventions. Transl J Am Coll Sports Med 3:176–180PubMedPubMedCentral

531.

Maron BJ, Doerer JJ, Haas TS, Tierney DM, Mueller FO (2009) Sudden deaths in young competitive athletes: analysis of 1866 deaths in the United States, 1980–2006. Circulation 119:1085–1092PubMed

532.

Maron BJ, Gohman TE, Kyle SB, Estes NA 3rd, Link MS (2002) Clinical profile and spectrum of commotio cordis. JAMA 287:1142–1146PubMed

533.

Maron BJ, Haas TS, Ahluwalia A, Garberich RF, Estes NA 3rd, Link MS (2013) Increasing survival rate from commotio cordis. Heart Rhythm 10:219–223PubMed

534.

Seguin C, Blaquiere G, Loundou A, Michelet P, Markarian T (2018) Unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) to prevent drowning. Resuscitation 127:63–67PubMed

535.

Claesson A, Svensson L, Nordberg P et al (2017) Drones may be used to save lives in out of hospital cardiac arrest due to drowning. Resuscitation 114:152–156PubMed

536.

Claesson A, Schierbeck S, Hollenberg J et al (2020) The use of drones and a machine-learning model for recognition of simulated drowning victims—A feasibility study. Resuscitation 156:196–201PubMed

537.

Griffiths MJD, McAuley DF, Perkins GD et al (2019) Guidelines on the management of acute respiratory distress syndrome. BMJ Open Respir Res 6:e420PubMedPubMedCentral

538.

El Sayed M, Tamim H, Mann NC (2015) Description of procedures performed on patients by emergency medical services during mass casualty incidents in the United States. Am J Emerg Med 33:1030–1036PubMed

539.

Schenk E, Wijetunge G, Mann NC, Lerner EB, Longthorne A, Dawson D (2014) Epidemiology of mass casualty incidents in the United States. Prehosp Emerg Care 18:408–416PubMed

540.

Turner CD, Lockey DJ, Rehn M (2016) Pre-hospital management of mass casualty civilian shootings: a systematic literature review. Crit Care 20:362PubMedPubMedCentral

541.

Jain T, Sibley A, Stryhn H, Hubloue I (2018) Comparison of unmanned aerial vehicle technology-assisted triage versus standard practice in triaging casualties by paramedic students in a mass-casualty incident scenario. Prehosp Disaster Med 33:375–380PubMed

542.

Nolan JP, Monsieurs KG, Bossaert L et al (2020) European Resuscitation Council COVID-19 guidelines executive summary. Resuscitation 153:45–55PubMedPubMedCentral

543.

Castle N, Pillay Y, Spencer N (2011) Comparison of six different intubation aids for use while wearing CBRN-PPE: a manikin study. Resuscitation 82:1548–1552PubMed

544.

Lamhaut L, Dagron C, Apriotesei R et al (2010) Comparison of intravenous and intraosseous access by pre-hospital medical emergency personnel with and without CBRN protective equipment. Resuscitation 81:65–68PubMed

545.

Castle N, Bowen J, Spencer N (2010) Does wearing CBRN-PPE adversely affect the ability for clinicians to accurately, safely, and speedily draw up drugs? Clin Toxicol 48:522–527

546.

Tokuda Y, Kikuchi M, Takahashi O, Stein GH (2006) Prehospital management of sarin nerve gas terrorism in urban settings: 10 years of progress after the Tokyo subway sarin attack. Resuscitation 68:193–202PubMed

547.

Cross KP, Petry MJ, Cicero MX (2015) A better START for low-acuity victims: data-driven refinement of mass casualty triage. Prehosp Emerg Care 19:272–278PubMed

548.

SALT mass casualty triage: concept endorsed by the American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma, American Trauma Society, National Association of EMS Physicians, National Disaster Life Support Education Consortium, and State and Territorial Injury Prevention Directors Association. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2008;2:245–6.

549.

Cone DC, Serra J, Burns K, MacMillan DS, Kurland L, Van Gelder C (2009) Pilot test of the SALT mass casualty triage system. Prehosp Emerg Care 13:536–540PubMed

550.

Streckbein S, Kohlmann T, Luxen J, Birkholz T, Pruckner S (2016) Triage protocols for mass casualty incidents : an overview 30 years after START. Unfallchirurg 119:620–631PubMed

551.

Jones N, White ML, Tofil N et al (2014) Randomized trial comparing two mass casualty triage systems (JumpSTART versus SALT) in a pediatric simulated mass casualty event. Prehosp Emerg Care 18:417–423PubMed

552.

Broach J, Hart A, Griswold M et al (2018) Usability and reliability of smart glasses for secondary triage during mass casualty incidents. Proc Annu Hawaii Int Conf Syst Sci 2018:1416–1422PubMedPubMedCentral

553.

Risavi BL, Terrell MA, Lee W, Holsten DL Jr. (2013) Prehospital mass-casualty triage training-written versus moulage scenarios: how much do EMS providers retain? Prehosp Disaster med 28:251–256PubMed

554.

Knight JF, Carley S, Tregunna B et al (2010) Serious gaming technology in major incident triage training: a pragmatic controlled trial. Resuscitation 81:1175–1179PubMed

555.

Franklin C, Samuel J, Hu T‑C (1994) Life-threatening hypotension associated with emergency intubation and the initiation of mechanical ventilation. Am J Emerg Med 12:425–428PubMed

556.

Lemaitre RN, Siscovick DS, Psaty BM et al (2002) Inhaled beta‑2 adrenergic receptor agonists and primary cardiac arrest. Am J Med 113:711–716PubMed

557.

Boucher A, Payen C, Garayt C et al (2011) Salbutamol misuse or abuse with fatal outcome: a case-report. Hum Exp Toxicol 30:1869–1871PubMed

558.

van den Berg ME, Stricker BH, Brusselle GG, Lahousse L (2016) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and sudden cardiac death: a systematic review. Trends Cardiovasc Med 26:606–613PubMed

559.

Salpeter SR, Ormiston TM, Salpeter EE (2004) Cardiovascular effects of beta-agonists in patients with asthma and COPD: a meta-analysis. Chest 125:2309–2321PubMed

560.

Rosero SZ, Zareba W, Moss AJ et al (1999) Asthma and the risk of cardiac events in the Long QT syndrome. Long QT Syndrome Investigative Group. Am J Cardiol 84:1406–1411PubMed

561.

Granfeldt A, Wissenberg M, Hansen SM et al (2018) Severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and presenting rhythm in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 126:111–117PubMed

562.

Herlitz J, Rosenfelt M, Bang A et al (1996) Prognosis among patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest judged as being caused by deterioration of obstructive pulmonary disease. Resuscitation 32:177–184PubMed

563.

Leatherman JW, McArthur C, Shapiro RS (2004) Effect of prolongation of expiratory time on dynamic hyperinflation in mechanically ventilated patients with severe asthma. Crit Care Med 32:1542–1545PubMed

564.

Hostetler MA, Davis CO (1999) Bilateral localized tension pneumothoraces refractory to needle decompression. Pediatr Emerg Care 15:322–324PubMed

565.

Williams-Johnson J, Williams EW, Hart N, Maycock C, Bullock K, Ramphal P (2008) Simultaneous spontaneous bilateral pneumothoraces in an asthmatic. West Indian Med J 57:508–510PubMed

566.

Komasawa N, Ueki R, Kusuyama K, Okano Y, Tatara T, Tashiro C (2010) Case of tension pneumothorax associated with asthma attack during general anesthesia. Masui 59:614–617PubMed

567.

Robert J, Derkenne C, Jost D, Tourtier JP (2017) Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: an underlying reversible cause. Circulation 135:2564–2566PubMed

568.

Burdett-Smith P, Jaffey L (1996) Tension pneumoperitoneum. J Accid Emerg Med 13:220–221PubMedPubMedCentral

569.

Castle N, Tagg A, Owen R (2005) Bilateral tension pneumothorax. Resuscitation 65:103–105PubMed

570.

Martens P, Vandekerckhove Y, Mullie A (1993) Restoration of spontaneous circulation after cessation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Lancet 341:841PubMed

571.

Lapinsky SE, Leung RS (1996) Auto-PEEP and electromechanical dissociation. N Engl J Med 335:674PubMed

572.

Rogers PL, Schlichtig R, Miro A, Pinsky M (1991) Auto-PEEP during CPR. An “occult” cause of electromechanical dissociation? Chest 99:492–493PubMed

573.

Rosengarten PL, Tuxen DV, Dziukas L, Scheinkestel C, Merrett K, Bowes G (1991) Circulatory arrest induced by intermittent positive pressure ventilation in a patient with severe asthma. Anaesth Intensive Care 19:118–121PubMed

574.

Sprung J, Hunter K, Barnas GM, Bourke DL (1994) Abdominal distention is not always a sign of esophageal intubation: cardiac arrest due to “auto-PEEP”. Anesth Analg 78:801–804PubMed

575.

Harrison R (2010) Chest compression first aid for respiratory arrest due to acute asphyxic asthma. Emerg Med Clin North Am 27:59–61

576.

Fisher MM, Whaley AP, Pye RR (2001) External chest compression in the management of acute severe asthma—a technique in search of evidence. Prehosp Disaster med 16:124–127PubMed

577.

Eason J, Tayler D, Cottam S et al (1991) Manual chest compression for total bronchospasm. Lancet 337:366PubMed

578.

Fisher MM, Bowey CJ, Ladd-Hudson K (1989) External chest compression in acute asthma: a preliminary study. Crit Care Med 17:686–687PubMed

579.

Myles PS, Weeks AM (1993) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in obstructive airways disease. Lancet 341:1217PubMed

580.

Perkins GD, Ji C, Deakin CD et al (2018) A randomized trial of epinephrine in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 379:711–721PubMed

581.

Smith D, Riel J, Tilles I, Kino R, Lis J, Hoffman JR (2003) Intravenous epinephrine in life-threatening asthma. Ann Emerg Med 41:706–711PubMed

582.

Putland M, Kerr D, Kelly AM (2006) Adverse events associated with the use of intravenous epinephrine in emergency department patients presenting with severe asthma. Ann Emerg Med 47:559–563PubMed

583.

Yeo HJ, Kim D, Jeon D, Kim YS, Rycus P, Cho WH (2017) Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for life-threatening asthma refractory to mechanical ventilation: analysis of the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization registry. Crit Care 21:297PubMedPubMedCentral

584.

Mikkelsen ME, Woo YJ, Sager JS, Fuchs BD, Christie JD (2009) Outcomes using extracorporeal life support for adult respiratory failure due to status asthmaticus. ASAIO J 55:47–52PubMedPubMedCentral

585.

Hubner P, Meron G, Kurkciyan I et al (2014) Neurologic causes of cardiac arrest and outcomes. J Emerg Med 47:660–667PubMed

586.

Kim AS, Moffatt E, Ursell PC, Devinsky O, Olgin J, Tseng ZH (2016) Sudden neurologic death masquerading as out-of-hospital sudden cardiac death. Neurology 87:1669–1673PubMedPubMedCentral

587.

Sandroni C, Dell’Anna AM (2015) Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest from neurologic cause: recognition and outcome. Crit Care Med 43:508–509PubMed

588.

Arnaout M, Mongardon N, Deye N et al (2015) Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest from brain cause: epidemiology, clinical features, and outcome in a multicenter cohort. Crit Care Med 43:453–460PubMed

589.

Petek BJ, Erley CL, Kudenchuk PJ et al (2019) Diagnostic yield of non-invasive imaging in patients following non-traumatic out-of-hospital sudden cardiac arrest: A systematic review. Resuscitation 135:183–190PubMed

590.

Skrifvars MB, Parr MJ (2012) Incidence, predisposing factors, management and survival following cardiac arrest due to subarachnoid haemorrhage: a review of the literature. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 20:75PubMedPubMedCentral

591.

Inamasu J, Miyatake S, Tomioka H et al (2009) Subarachnoid haemorrhage as a cause of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a prospective computed tomography study. Resuscitation 80:977–980PubMed

592.

Shin J, Kim K, Lim YS et al (2016) Incidence and clinical features of intracranial hemorrhage causing out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a multicenter retrospective study. Am J Emerg Med 34:2326–2330PubMed

593.

Legriel S, Bougouin W, Chocron R et al (2018) Early in-hospital management of cardiac arrest from neurological cause: diagnostic pitfalls and treatment issues. Resuscitation 132:147–155PubMed

594.

Mitsuma W, Ito M, Kodama M et al (2011) Clinical and cardiac features of patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage presenting with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 82:1294–1297PubMed

595.

Park I, Kim YJ, Ahn S, Sohn CH, Seo DW, Kim WY (2015) Subarachnoid hemorrhage mimicking ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction after return of spontaneous circulation. Clin Exp Emerg Med 2:260–263PubMedPubMedCentral

596.

Zachariah J, Stanich JA, Braksick SA et al (2017) Indicators of subarachnoid hemorrhage as a cause of sudden cardiac arrest. Clin Pract Cases Emerg Med 1:132–135PubMed

597.

Noritomi DT, de Cleva R, Beer I et al (2006) Doctors awareness of spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage as a cause of cardiopulmonary arrest. Resuscitation 71:123–124PubMed

598.

Morris NA, Robinson D, Schmidt JM et al (2018) Hunt-Hess 5 subarachnoid haemorrhage presenting with cardiac arrest is associated with larger volume bleeds. Resuscitation 123:71–76PubMed

599.

Thurman DJ, Hesdorffer DC, French JA (2014) Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: assessing the public health burden. Epilepsia 55:1479–1485PubMed

600.

Maguire MJ, Jackson CF, Marson AG, Nevitt SJ (2020) Treatments for the prevention of Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011792.pub3CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

601.

Joundi RA, Rabinstein AA, Nikneshan D et al (2016) Cardiac arrest in acute Ischemic stroke: incidence, predisposing factors, and clinical outcomes. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 25:1644–1652PubMed

602.

Fukuda T, Ohashi-Fukuda N, Kondo Y, Sera T, Doi K, Yahagi N (2016) Epidemiology, risk factors, and outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest caused by stroke: a population-based study. Medicine 95:e3107PubMedPubMedCentral

603.

Flegal KM, Kruszon-Moran D, Carroll MD, Fryar CD, Ogden CL (2016) Trends in obesity among adults in the United States, 2005 to 2014. JAMA 315:2284–2291PubMed

604.

Koliaki C, Liatis S, Kokkinos A (2019) Obesity and cardiovascular disease: revisiting an old relationship. Metabolism 92:98–107PubMed

605.

Romero-Corral A, Montori VM, Somers VK et al (2006) Association of bodyweight with total mortality and with cardiovascular events in coronary artery disease: a systematic review of cohort studies. Lancet 368:666–678PubMed

606.

Adabag S, Huxley RR, Lopez FL et al (2015) Obesity related risk of sudden cardiac death in the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Heart 101:215–221PubMed

607.

Kakavas S, Georgiopoulos G, Oikonomou D et al (2018) The impact of body mass index on post resuscitation survival after cardiac arrest: a meta-analysis. Clin Nutr ESPEN 24:47–53PubMed

608.

Ma Y, Huang L, Zhang L, Yu H, Liu B (2018) Association between body mass index and clinical outcomes of patients after cardiac arrest and resuscitation: a meta-analysis. Am J Emerg Med 36:1270–1279PubMed

609.

Lee H, Oh J, Lee J et al (2019) Retrospective study using computed Tomography to compare sufficient chest compression depth for cardiopulmonary resuscitation in obese patients. J Am Heart Assoc 8:e13948PubMedPubMedCentral

610.

Jain R, Nallamothu BK, Chan PS (2010) American heart association national registry of cardiopulmonary resuscitation i. body mass index and survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 3:490–497PubMedPubMedCentral

611.

Nishisaki A, Maltese MR, Niles DE et al (2012) Backboards are important when chest compressions are provided on a soft mattress. Resuscitation 83:1013–1020PubMedPubMedCentral

612.

Holt J, Ward A, Mohamed TY et al (2020) The optimal surface for delivery of CPR: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Resuscitation 155:159–164PubMed

613.

Bunch TJ, White RD, Lopez-Jimenez F, Thomas RJ (2008) Association of body weight with total mortality and with ICD shocks among survivors of ventricular fibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 77:351–355PubMed

614.

White RD, Blackwell TH, Russell JK, Jorgenson DB (2004) Body weight does not affect defibrillation, resuscitation, or survival in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest treated with a nonescalating biphasic waveform defibrillator. Crit Care Med 32:S387–92PubMed

615.

Voskoboinik A, Moskovitch J, Plunkett G et al (2019) Cardioversion of atrial fibrillation in obese patients: results from the Cardioversion-BMI randomized controlled trial. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 30:155–161PubMed

616.

Sugerman H, Windsor A, Bessos M, Wolfe L (1997) Intra-abdominal pressure, sagittal abdominal diameter and obesity comorbidity. J Intern Med 241:71–79PubMed

617.

Schnittker R, Marshall SD, Berecki-Gisolf J (2020) Patient and surgery factors associated with the incidence of failed and difficult intubation. Anaesthesia 75:756–766PubMed

618.

Holmberg TJ, Bowman SM, Warner KJ et al (2011) The association between obesity and difficult prehospital tracheal intubation. Anesth Analg 112:1132–1138PubMed

619.

Cook TM, Woodall N, Frerk C (2011) Major complications of airway management in the UK: results of the Fourth National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Difficult Airway Society. Part 1: anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 106:617–631PubMed

620.

Timmermann A, Nickel EA, Puhringer F (2015) Second generation laryngeal masks : expanded indications. Anaesthesist 64:7–15PubMed

621.

Zoremba M, Aust H, Eberhart L, Braunecker S, Wulf H (2009) Comparison between intubation and the laryngeal mask airway in moderately obese adults. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 53:436–442PubMed

622.

Reminiac F, Jouan Y, Cazals X, Bodin JF, Dequin PF, Guillon A (2014) Risks associated with obese patient handling in emergency prehospital care. Prehosp Emerg Care 18:555–557PubMed

623.

Kruska P, Kappus S, Kerner T (2012) Obesity in prehospital emergency care. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 47:556–562PubMed

624.

Beckett VA, Knight M, Sharpe P (2017) The CAPS Study: incidence, management and outcomes of cardiac arrest in pregnancy in the UK: a prospective, descriptive study. BJOG 124:1374–1381PubMed

625.

Jeejeebhoy FM, Zelop CM, Lipman S et al (2015) Cardiac arrest in pregnancy: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 132:1747–1773PubMed

626.

Chu J, Johnston TA, Geoghegan J, Royal College of O, Gynaecologists (2020) Maternal collapse in pregnancy and the puerperium: green-top guideline no. 56. BJOG 127:e14–e52PubMed

627.

Regitz-Zagrosek V, Roos-Hesselink JW, Bauersachs J et al (2018) 2018 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy. Eur Heart J 39:3165–3241PubMed

628.

M‑UMa BRtAa UKC (2019) MBRRACE-UK perinatal mortality surveillance report. UK Perinatal deaths for births from january to december 2017. MBRRACE-UK, London

629.

Chesnutt AN (2004) Physiology of normal pregnancy. Crit Care Clin 20:609–615PubMed

630.

Page-Rodriguez A, Gonzalez-Sanchez JA (1999) Perimortem cesarean section of twin pregnancy: case report and review of the literature. Acad Emerg Med 6:1072–1074PubMed

631.

Cardosi RJ, Porter KB (1998) Cesarean delivery of twins during maternal cardiopulmonary arrest. Obstet Gynecol 92:695–697PubMed

632.

Humphries A, Mirjalili SA, Tarr GP, Thompson JMD, Stone P (2019) The effect of supine positioning on maternal hemodynamics during late pregnancy. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 32:3923–3930PubMed

633.

Kundra P, Khanna S, Habeebullah S, Ravishankar M (2007) Manual displacement of the uterus during Caesarean section. Anaesthesia 62:460–465PubMed

634.

Mendonca C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis RE (2003) Hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for Caesarean section. Left lateral position vs. tilted supine position. Anaesthesia 58:428–431PubMed

635.

Rees SG, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC, Scrutton MJ, Kinsella SM (2002) Maternal cardiovascular consequences of positioning after spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: left 15 degree table tilt vs. left lateral. Anaesthesia 57:15–20PubMed

636.

Bamber JH, Dresner M (2003) Aortocaval compression in pregnancy: the effect of changing the degree and direction of lateral tilt on maternal cardiac output. Anesth Analg 97:256–258 (table of contents)PubMed

637.

Kinsella SM (2003) Lateral tilt for pregnant women: why 15 degrees? Anaesthesia 58:835–836PubMed

638.

Rees GA, Willis BA (1988) Resuscitation in late pregnancy. Anaesthesia 43:347–349PubMed

639.

Holmes S, Kirkpatrick ID, Zelop CM, Jassal DS (2015) MRI evaluation of maternal cardiac displacement in pregnancy: implications for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 213:401 e1–401 e5

640.

Delgado C, Dawson K, Schwaegler B, Zachariah R, Einav S, Bollag L (2020) Hand placement during chest compressions in parturients: a pilot study to identify the location of the left ventricle using transthoracic echocardiography. Int J Obstet Anesth 43:31–35PubMed

641.

Einav S, Kaufman N, Sela HY (2012) Maternal cardiac arrest and perimortem caesarean delivery: evidence or expert-based? Resuscitation 83:1191–1200PubMed

642.

Benson MD, Padovano A, Bourjeily G, Zhou Y (2016) Maternal collapse: challenging the four-minute rule. EBioMedicine 6:253–257PubMedPubMedCentral

643.

Ramanathan K, Tan CS, Rycus P et al (2020) Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in pregnancy: an analysis of the extracorporeal life support organization registry. Crit Care Med 48:696–703PubMed

644.

Nanson J, Elcock D, Williams M, Deakin CD (2001) Do physiological changes in pregnancy change defibrillation energy requirements? Br J Anaesth 87:237–239PubMed

645.

Mushambi MC, Athanassoglou V, Kinsella SM (2020) Anticipated difficult airway during obstetric general anaesthesia: narrative literature review and management recommendations. Anaesthesia 75:945–961PubMed

646.

Mushambi MC, Kinsella SM (2015) Obstetric Anaesthetists’ Association/Difficult Airway Society difficult and failed tracheal intubation guidelines—the way forward for the obstetric airway. Br J Anaesth 115:815–818PubMed

647.

Kinsella SM, Winton AL, Mushambi MC et al (2015) Failed tracheal intubation during obstetric general anaesthesia: a literature review. Int J Obstet Anesth 24:356–374PubMed

648.

Say L, Chou D, Gemmill A et al (2014) Global causes of maternal death: a WHO systematic analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2:e323–e333PubMed

649.

Lewis G (2007) The Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health (CEMACH). Saving Mothers’ Lives: Reviewing maternal deaths to make motherhood safer—2003–2005. The Seventh Report of the Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom. CEMACH, London

650.

Jauniaux E, Alfirevic Z, Bhide AG et al (2019) Vasa Praevia: Diagnosis and Management: Green-top Guideline No. 27b. BJOG 126:e49–e61PubMed

651.

Gynaecologists RCoOa (2016) Postpartum Haemorrhage, Prevention and Management (Green-top Guideline No. 52). Gynaecologists RCoOa, London

652.

Collaborators WT (2017) Effect of early tranexamic acid administration on mortality, hysterectomy, and other morbidities in women with post-partum haemorrhage (WOMAN): an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 389:2105–2116

653.

Ahearn GS, Hadjiliadis D, Govert JA, Tapson VF (2002) Massive pulmonary embolism during pregnancy successfully treated with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator: a case report and review of treatment options. Arch Intern Med 162:1221–1227PubMed

654.

Excellence NIfHaC (2019) Hypertension in pregnancy: diagnosis and management NICE Guideline NG133. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, London

655.

Conde-Agudelo A, Romero R (2009) Amniotic fluid embolism: an evidence-based review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 201:445 e1–445e 13

656.

Fitzpatrick KE, Tuffnell D, Kurinczuk JJ, Knight M (2016) Incidence, risk factors, management and outcomes of amniotic-fluid embolism: a population-based cohort and nested case-control study. BJOG 123:100–109PubMed

657.

Rittenberger JC, Kelly E, Jang D, Greer K, Heffner A (2008) Successful outcome utilizing hypothermia after cardiac arrest in pregnancy: a case report. Crit Care Med 36:1354–1356PubMed

658.

Song KH, Lee BK, Jeung KW, Lee SM (2015) Safely completed therapeutic hypothermia in postpartum cardiac arrest survivors. Am J Emerg Med 33:861 e5–861 e6

659.

Merien AE, van de Ven J, Mol BW, Houterman S, Oei SG (2010) Multidisciplinary team training in a simulation setting for acute obstetric emergencies: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol 115:1021–1031PubMed

660.

Leonardsen AL, Svendsen EJ, Heitmann GB et al (2020) Development and validation of a questionnaire to assess healthcare personnel competence in cardiac arrest and resuscitation in pregnancy. PLoS ONE 15:e232984PubMedPubMedCentral

661.

Merriel A, Ficquet J, Barnard K et al (2019) The effects of interactive training of healthcare providers on the management of life-threatening emergencies in hospital. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012177.pub2CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Springerpflege

Kreislaufstillstand unter besonderen Umständen

Leitlinien des European Resuscitation Council 2021

Zusammenfassung

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2021

Versorgung und Reanimation des Neugeborenen nach der Geburt

Lebensrettende Systeme

Kurzfassung

Lehre in der Reanimation

Erweiterte lebensrettende Maßnahmen für Erwachsene

Epidemiologie des Kreislaufstillstands in Europa