Background
Mechanical ventilation (MV) is one the most utilised therapeutic techniques within the intensive care unit (ICU). It is commonly used to support patients diagnosed with severe respiratory failure [1], but several complications have been documented in the literature [2] that can appear during both the acute phase of treatment and in later phases, becoming a chronic problem in some cases. Most of these complications are related to the length of treatment [3‐5], and they could affect patients’ health-related quality of life (HRQL).
HRQL conceptualisation is vital for the analysis and evaluation of health-related outcomes. Knowing the patient’s health perception, his wishes and motivating factors when making decisions related to his own health as well as applying procedures to evaluate healthcare providers, is essential to the definition of HRQL.
Anzeige
Diagnosis and treatment of illness exclusively at a biomedical level in addition to technologically advanced procedures represent a qualitative improvement in patient survival in recent decades, but they have reduced a more holistic approach to health care because they only fight against illness without promoting patient welfare. From a more holistic perspective, and in an attempt to quantify the contribution of nursing to health-related outcomes, the term “nursing-sensitive outcome” (NSO) was created. According to the National Quality Forum, those indicators that are sensitive to certain nursing interventions are measurements of the process’ structure (the process itself and its outcomes) and are affected or influenced by the intervention of nurses, although the responsibility is shared with other professionals. The forum agreed on several NSO standards such as pressure ulcer care, infection control, falls prevention, expertise of the nursing team, patient satisfaction and HRQL [6].
Outcome evaluation and knowledge of HRQL in mechanically ventilated critical care patients is vital to understand how this therapeutic technique affects patients and therefore designing care strategies for both acute and later phases of treatment. The goal is to minimize unwanted effects and improve cost-effectiveness, always considering the patient’s perspective during the decision-making process.
The analysis of factors that determine the patient’s perception on HRQL during the different phases of illness as well as the adaptation process of unwanted results will give us in-depth knowledge of the mechanisms that affect their HRQL in a negative way and therefore plan interventions to promote the optimal patient welfare [7].
There is a great deal of published literature on mechanically ventilated patient’s HRQL. All authors agree that the quality of life perceived by these patients is worse than that perceived by the reference population [4, 8‐11], although determinants of HRQL are not well defined. Additionally, differences among critical care units (surgical, cardiac, general) and the variety of tools utilised to measure HRQL make it hard to compare results [11].
Anzeige
Highly specialised ICUs constitute a very stressful environment for the patient, which has been related to the onset of delirium or an acute confusional state in different phases of the disease, but other mid and long-term repercussions such as memory loss, delusion and other neurophysiological disturbances that have an effect on HRQL perception have been described [12‐14].
Some authors have studied factors that have a stressful effect on mechanically ventilated patients [15‐18] and have found that one of the worst remembered and most stressful experiences, aside from thirst and pain, is endotracheal tube discomfort [19]. There are several tools to assess stressors within ICU, and all of them allow us to assess the degree of stress or nuisance experienced by the patient for each factor. One of the most well-known is the Intensive Care Unit Environmental Stressor Scale (ICUESS), which allows us to perform a global evaluation of the ICU but does not take into account problems secondary to tracheal intubation or MV. Another tool recently described in a HRQL study on mechanically ventilated patients is the ICU Stressful Experience Questionnaire (ICU-SEQ), which evaluates the general aspects of an ICU setting but also emphasizes those problems that originated as a result of orotracheal intubation and MV [12, 14, 15].
Knowing what HRQL is, its stressors and which NSO have an influence on it should allow us to design and implement strategies and nursing care plans to minimise negative effects and address chronic problems, thereby improving the patient’s welfare, security and quality of life.
Methods/design
Aims
Main objective
To assess health-related quality of life of mechanically ventilated patients admitted in an ICU and its relation to nursing-sensitive outcomes.
Secondary objectives
1.
To determine whether there are any differences in HRQL in mechanically ventilated patients prior to admission into ICU and one year after discharge from the ICU.
2.
To identify whether there is any relationship between the duration (in days) of mechanical ventilation and HRQL one year after discharge from the ICU.
3.
To identify whether there is any relationship between NSO and HRQL of mechanically ventilated patients one year after discharge from the ICU.
4.
To identify differences between the patient’s own assessment of HRQL and the main caregiver’s perception.
5.
To identify stressors that mechanically ventilated patients admitted in ICU identify when discharged and which ones last for at least one year after they have left the ICU.
6.
To identify whether there is a relationship between the amount and type of stressors perceived by mechanically ventilated patients during their admission and their HRQL one year after discharge from the ICU.
Design
This is a prospective longitudinal cohort study.
Setting
The study will be carried out at the Intensive Care Unit of the Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, located in Barcelona, Spain, which is a high-complexity hospital and a referral centre for many disease processes at a national level.
Subjects of study
All mechanically ventilated patients who fulfil the selection criteria outlined below were enrolled in the study:
Inclusion criteria
-
Over 18 years old.
-
Mechanical ventilation for more than 48 h.
-
Voluntary participation (signed informed consent).
Exclusion criteria
-
Patients admitted from other ICUs that had been mechanically ventilated for more than 48 h at the time of admission to our centre.
-
Patients with domiciliary respiratory support.
-
Mentally or psychologically impaired patients (unable to comprehend the questionnaire).
-
Patients who do not speak Spanish fluently.
-
Patient without a permanent address (unable to do a proper follow-up).
Sample size
According to data previously collected in our department, a total of 360 patients should meet the inclusion criteria during the study timeframe. Assuming possible losses and a high mortality rate within critical care, the final cohort is expected to be 200 patients.
Sampling technique
A non-probabilistic convenience sampling will be used, including patients as they are admitted to the ICU.
Variables
The following variables will be collected: anthropometric and sociodemographic data and data related to ICU admission, mechanical ventilation, NSO, HRQL and ICU stressors. Variable definitions and the data collection schedules are summarized in Table 1
.
Table 1
Variables and Measurement Schedule
Category | Variables | Measurement Schedule |
|---|---|---|
Anthropometric | Age, Gender | Admission |
Weight, Height | Admission and 12 months after ICU discharge | |
Sociodemographic | Academic level | Admission and 12 months after ICU discharge |
Employment, economic income | ||
Main caregiver, family/social support system | ||
ICU length of stay | Main medical diagnosis, reason for ICU admission, APACHE II, Age corrected Charlson Index | Admission |
ARDS, MODS, Surgical interventions, blood transfusion, renal replacement therapy, Ramsay Score for >3 hours. | Daily | |
Complications, GCS, Barthel Index, length of ICU stay (days) and hospital stay | ICU discharge and 12 months after | |
ICU discharge and hospital discharge | ||
Mechanical Ventilation | Reason for intubation and MV | Admission |
Modes of MV utilised (hours and days) | Daily | |
Respiratory complications | ||
Days with tracheostomy tube in place | ICU Discharge | |
Days on MV | ||
NSO | Total hours in pain (Assessed using a VAS), PU, Falls, VAP, CRB, UTI | Daily |
Allocated nurse’s expertise | ||
HRQL | SF-36, QRSG | ICU discharge and 12 months after |
SF-36, QRSG (assessed by main caregiver) | ICU discharge | |
ICU Stressors | ICU-SEQ | ICU discharge and 12 months after |
Assessment tools
To assess HRQL, the Short-Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36) will be used. For a more specific assessment on respiratory issues, the Saint Georges Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) will be used. Both questionnaires have been validated in Spanish.
Anzeige
To evaluate ICU stressors, the ICU Stressful Experience Questionnaire (ICU-SEQ) will be used. This tool was created by Rotondi and modified by Samuelson. In addition to evaluating general ICU experiences, it also evaluates experiences related to the endotracheal tube.
To translate and adapt the ICU-SEQ into Spanish, the following process will be used:
1.
Translation and back translation into Spanish by two bilingual translators.
2.
Transcultural adaptation via a pilot study to assess proper comprehension of the different items.
Details of the assessment tools and data collection schedule are summarized in Table 2
.
Table 2
Measurement tools
Tools | Assessment Area | Dimensions | Items | Score |
|---|---|---|---|---|
SF-36 | Health-Related Quality of Life (general) | Physical sphere, social sphere, Physical role, Emotional role, mental health, vitality, pain, general health (8) | 36 | Every item of each dimension (8 in total) will be codified, aggregated and turned into a scale, with values that range from 0 till 100 (rating each health-related dimension from worse to best) |
QRSG | Health-Related Quality of Life (respiratory) | Symptoms, activity, impact (3) | 50 | Each item has a specific weight assigned on the global score. Scores can range from 0 till 100 (rating quality of life from minimal to maximal alterations). |
ICU-SEQ | ICU Stressors | No dimensions as such, but 2 very differentiated areas: ICU stressors in general and airway related stressors. | 31 | It’ll be assess if the patient remembers anything, and if so, assessment of stress’s perception will be performed (range of values: none, very little, Some, Quite a bit, A lot) |
Data collection
Data will be collected over 12 consecutive months. Patient selection for the study cohort will be performed by the research team by evaluating all patients who may need or had needed MV. Follow up documentation will be provided for all mechanically ventilated patients. When a patient has been mechanically ventilated for over 48 h, informed consent will be obtained from the next of kin. From that moment, all patient data from their medical records will be gathered until MV is discontinued.
Anzeige
One week after the patient has been discharged from the ICU, informed consent will be obtained from the patient. Approaching the patient earlier is considered to be inappropriate by the research team. If the patient agrees to participate in the study, the SF-36, SGRQ and ICU-SEQ questionnaires will be provided for the patient to complete. The same questionnaires will be given to the main caregiver at that time. One year after ICU discharge, the same questionnaires will be completed again to assess the persistency of stressors’ sequelae.
Data analysis
A descriptive analysis will be carried out for all variables. Mean and standard deviation will be utilised for quantitative variables that follow a normal distribution. For the rest of the variables, the median, maximum and minimum values will be used. Qualitative variables will be described utilising absolute frequencies and percentage values for each category.
Statistical analysis of HRQL results will be performed on the questionnaire’s different dimensions as well as on the questionnaire as a whole. To compare the results obtained at the time of ICU discharge with those obtained one year after discharge, Student’s t-test or Wilcoxon test will be applied to the paired data depending on the variable distribution. This analysis will also depend on the length of MV.
A multiple regression model will be elaborated utilising HRQL as the result variable. Relevant clinical situations (number of transfusions and surgical interventions, pressure ulcers, nosocomial infections…) will be considered as independent variables. All analysis will be performed with a 95 % confidence interval.
Anzeige
Limitations and bias
The main limitation of this study is that the quality of life one year after ICU discharge could be affected by non-identifiable events that have no relation to those studied. The main bias is the patient’s memory because the patients will be asked about events that may be difficult to recall.
Ethical considerations
Ethics approval was given by the Vall d’Hebron University Hospital Clinical Research Ethics Committee and Research Project Commission Report (Barcelona, Spain): Project number PR(AG)136/2011. Informed consent will be obtained from patients and main caregivers, always making sure participants’ confidentiality and anonymity is preserved through the process.
Discussion
Advances in intensive care medicine have allowed us to decrease mortality rates amongst patients admitted to ICU, although for some patients who have overcome a critical illness, their time in the ICU may have led them to have a life with major limitations and obstacles.
It is necessary to identify strategies that allow us to determine HRQL of patients prior to ICU admission because healthcare professionals are not able to determine it. And eventhough a few people filled in a questionnaire on HRQL prior to their ICU admission, most of the time they are unable to fill one out because of their condition at the time of admission.
This study proposes an indirect approach to patient’s HRQL perception by measuring HRQL perceived by the main caregiver. If there is a positive concordance between main caregiver and patient’s HRQL perception, this indirect measurement would provide the patient’s vision of his own healthcare as well as his thoughts on his health-disease process. Some studies state that critically ill patient’s preferences regarding advanced life support therapies are conditioned by their cost and handicaps that may result from ICU admission [20].
Being able to identify which factors negatively influence a patient’s HRQL, whether they are certain invasive therapies (MV or renal replacement therapies) or the stressful ICU environment, should allow us to establish proactive strategies that will prevent or diminish the occurrence of physical or psychological sequelae. It would be very beneficial to implement measures to prevent the onset of anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder or depression, as well as establishing early rehabilitation programmes, instead of waiting for these disorders to appear. It is very important to know each therapeutic action’s specific impact in order to implement specific strategies during both the acute and later phases of the process, so adverse events resulting from therapeutic interventions as well as ICU-generated stress could be minimised, always taking into account the patient’s own perception during the decision-making process. This project will allow us to determine the perceived HRQL one year after discharge from ICU and compare it with that measured earlier on in the process, as well as analyse the negative experiences they had while in the ICU as a result of MV and their impact over time. It will also allow us to assess the effect of NSO and ICU stressors on health-related outcomes and how they affect HRQL. This study could highlight the importance of early nursing interventions, in both acute and later phases of the process, in order to minimise some of the sequelae and improve patient welfare.
It could also be useful to understand the concordance between the HRQL perceived by patients and main caregivers to understand the patient’s own motivations regarding his health process.
Acknowledgments
The research team would like to thank the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness for funding this project (Project Number: PI11/01113).
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
AR, EG, CFG: conception and design of the study, drafting the article and revising it critically for important intellectual content, final approval of the version to be submitted. AS, JG, DT, AM, ML, AV: acquisition of data, revising draft of the article and final approval of the version to be submitted.
