Skip to main content
Hauptrubriken
Zeitschriften Fortbildung Hebammen Bücher Kongresse & Live-Webinare
Social Media - Folgen Sie uns!
Instagram Facebook LinkedIn Instagram Hebammen
Service
Jobbörse Kundenservice Info & Hilfe
Fokus-Themen
Chronisch-entzündliche Darmerkrankung COVID-19-Update Diabetes Hautpflege Klima & Gesundheit Hygiene Intensivpflege Kardiologische Pflege Mobilisation Nachhaltigkeit Nierenerkrankungen Obstipation Onkologische Pflege Palliativpflege Schmerz Sucht in der Pflege Vielfalt, Gleichberechtigung und Inklusion Wundversorgung
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
Notfall + Rettungsmedizin
Erschienen in:

01.02.2006 | Schwerpunkt: ERC-Leitlinien

Elektrische Therapie: automatisierte externe Defibrillatoren, Defibrillation, Kardioversion und Schrittmachertherapie

Abschnitt 3 der Leitlinien zur Reanimation 2005 des European Resuscitation Council

verfasst von: C. D. Deakin, J. P. Nolan, Prof. Dr. H. Domanovits

Erschienen in: Notfall + Rettungsmedizin | Ausgabe 1/2006

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Auszug

Dieser Abschnitt legt die Leitlinien zur Defibrillation mit so genannten automatisierten externen Defibrillatoren (AED) und mit manuellen Defibrillatoren dar. Medizinisches Personal und auch Laienhelfer sind in der Lage, einen AED als einen integralen Bestandteil der Basisreanimation anzuwenden. Im Rahmen der erweiterten Wiederbelebung ist die manuelle Defibrillation Teil der Behandlung. Da bei vielen Defibrillatoren die Kardioversion und die Schrittmachertherapie (Pacing) zu den Grundfunktionen gehören, wird beides ebenfalls in diesem Kapitel abgehandelt. …
Vorheriger Artikel Lebensrettende Basismaßnahmen für Erwachsene und Verwendung automatisierter externer Defibrillatoren
Nächster Artikel Erweiterte Reanimationsmaßnahmen für Erwachsene (ALS)
Literatur
1.
American Heart Association in collaboration with International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (2000) Guidelines 2000 for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care, Part 6: Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support: Section 2: Defibrillation. Circulation 102 [Suppl]: 190–194
2.
Larsen MP, Eisenberg MS, Cummins RO, Hallstrom AP (1993) Predicting survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a graphic model. Ann Emerg Med 22: 1652–1658PubMed
3.
Valenzuela TD, Roe DJ, Cretin S, Spaite DW, Larsen MP (1997) Estimating effectiveness of cardiac arrest interventions: a logistic regression survival model. Circulation 96: 3308–3313PubMed
4.
Waalewijn RA, De Vos R, Tijssen JGP, Koster RW (2001) Survival models for out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation from the perspectives of the bystander, the first responder, and the paramedic. Resuscitation 51: 113–122PubMed
5.
Myerburg RJ, Fenster J, Velez M et al. (2002) Impact of community-wide police car deployment of automated external defibrillators on survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 106: 1058–1064PubMed
6.
Capucci A, Aschieri D, Piepoli MF, Bardy GH, Iconomu E, Arvedi M (2002) Tripling survival from sudden cardiac arrest via early defibrillation without traditional education in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation 106: 1065–1070PubMed
7.
van Alem AP, Vrenken RH, de Vos R, Tijssen JG, Koster RW (2003) Use of automated external defibrillator by first responders in out of hospital cardiac arrest: prospective controlled trial. BMJ 327: 1312PubMedPubMedCentral
8.
Valenzuela TD, Bjerke HS, Clark LL et al. (1998) Rapid defibrillation by nontraditional responders: the Casino Project. Acad Emerg Med 5: 414–415
9.
Swor RA, Jackson RE, Cynar M et al. (1995) Bystander CPR, ventricular fibrillation, and survival in witnessed, unmonitored out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 25: 780–784PubMed
10.
Holmberg M, Holmberg S, Herlitz J (2000) Effect of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients in Sweden. Resuscitation 47: 59–70PubMed
11.
Monsieurs KG, Handley AJ, Bossaert LL (2001) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2000 for Automated External Defibrillation. A statement from the Basic Life Support and Automated External Defibrillation Working Group(1) and approved by the Executive Committee of the European Resuscitation Council. Resuscitation 48: 207–209PubMed
12.
Cummins RO, Eisenberg M, Bergner L, Murray JA (1984) Sensitivity, accuracy, and safety of an automatic external defibrillator. Lancet 2: 318–320PubMed
13.
Davis EA, Mosesso VN Jr (1998) Performance of police first responders in utilizing automated external defibrillation on victims of sudden cardiac arrest. Prehosp Emerg Care 2: 101–107PubMed
14.
White RD, Vukov LF, Bugliosi TF (1994) Early defibrillation by police: initial experience with measurement of critical time intervals and patient outcome. Ann Emerg Med 23: 1009–1013PubMed
15.
White RD, Hankins DG, Bugliosi TF (1998) Seven years‘ experience with early defibrillation by police and paramedics in an emergency medical services system. Resuscitation 39: 145–151PubMed
16.
Wik L, Kramer-Johansen J, Myklebust H et al. (2005) Quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 293: 299–304PubMed
17.
Abella BS, Alvarado JP, Myklebust H et al. (2005) Quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation during in-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 293: 305–310PubMed
18.
Kerber RE, Becker LB, Bourland JD et al. (1997) Automatic external defibrillators for public access defibrillation: recommendations for specifying and reporting arrhythmia analysis algorithm performance, incorporating new waveforms, and enhancing safety. A statement for health professionals from the American Heart Association Task Force on Automatic External Defibrillation, Subcommittee on AED Safety and Efficacy. Circulation 95: 1677–1682PubMed
19.
Dickey W, Dalzell GW, Anderson JM, Adgey AA (1992) The accuracy of decision-making of a semi-automatic defibrillator during cardiac arrest. Eur Heart J 13: 608–615PubMed
20.
Atkinson E, Mikysa B, Conway JA et al. (2003) Specificity and sensitivity of automated external defibrillator rhythm analysis in infants and children. Ann Emerg Med 42: 185–196PubMed
21.
Cecchin F, Jorgenson DB, Berul CI et al. (2001) Is arrhythmia detection by automatic external defibrillator accurate for children? Sensitivity and specificity of an automatic external defibrillator algorithm in 696 pediatric arrhythmias. Circulation 103: 2483–2488PubMed
22.
Zafari AM, Zarter SK, Heggen V et al. (2004) A program encouraging early defibrillation results in improved in-hospital resuscitation efficacy. J Am Coll Cardiol 44: 846–852PubMed
23.
Destro A, Marzaloni M, Sermasi S, Rossi F (1996) Automatic external defibrillators in the hospital as well? Resuscitation 31: 39–43PubMed
24.
Domanovits H, Meron G, Sterz F et al. (1998) Successful automatic external defibrillator operation by people trained only in basic life support in a simulated cardiac arrest situation. Resuscitation 39: 47–50PubMed
25.
Cusnir H, Tongia R, Sheka KP et al. (2004) In hospital cardiac arrest: a role for automatic defibrillation. Resuscitation 63: 183–188PubMed
26.
Kaye W, Mancini ME, Richards N (1995) Organizing and implementing a hospital-wide first-responder automated external defibrillation program: strengthening the in-hospital chain of survival. Resuscitation 30: 151–156PubMed
27.
Miller PH (1972) Potential fire hazard in defibrillation. JAMA 221: 192PubMed
28.
Hummel RS 3rd, Ornato JP, Weinberg SM, Clarke AM (1988) Spark-generating properties of electrode gels used during defibrillation. A potential fire hazard. JAMA 260: 3021–3124PubMed
29.
Fires from defibrillation during oxygen administration. Health Devices 23: 307–309
30.
Lefever J, Smith A (██) Risk of fire when using defibrillation in an oxygen enriched atmosphere. Med Dev Agency Safety Not 3: 1–3
31.
Ward ME (1996) Risk of fires when using defibrillators in an oxygen enriched atmosphere. Resuscitation 31: 173PubMed
32.
Theodorou AA, Gutierrez JA, Berg RA (2003) Fire attributable to a defibrillation attempt in a neonate. Pediatrics 112: 677–679PubMed
33.
Kerber RE, Kouba C, Martins J et al. (1984) Advance prediction of transthoracic impedance in human defibrillation and cardioversion: importance of impedance in determining the success of low-energy shocks. Circulation 70: 303–308PubMed
34.
Kerber RE, Grayzel J, Hoyt R, Marcus M, Kennedy J (1981) Transthoracic resistance in human defibrillation. Influence of body weight, chest size, serial shocks, paddle size and paddle contact pressure. Circulation 63: 676–682PubMed
35.
Sado DM, Deakin CD, Petley GW, Clewlow F (2004) Comparison of the effects of removal of chest hair with not doing so before external defibrillation on transthoracic impedance. Am J Cardiol 93: 98–100PubMed
36.
Deakin CD, Sado DM, Petley GW, Clewlow F (2004) Differential contribution of skin impedance and thoracic volume to transthoracic impedance during external defibrillation. Resuscitation 60: 171–174PubMed
37.
Deakin C, Sado D, Petley G, Clewlow F (2002) Determining the optimal paddle force for external defibrillation. Am J Cardiol 90: 812–813PubMed
38.
Deakin C, Bennetts S, Petley G, Clewlow F (2002) What is the optimal paddle force for paediatric defibrillation? Resuscitation 55: 59
39.
Panacek EA, Munger MA, Rutherford WF, Gardner SF (1992) Report of nitropatch explosions complicating defibrillation. Am J Emerg Med 10: 128–129PubMed
40.
Wrenn K (1990) The hazards of defibrillation through nitroglycerin patches. Ann Emerg Med 19: 1327–1328PubMed
41.
Pagan-Carlo LA, Spencer KT, Robertson CE, Dengler A, Birkett C, Kerber RE (1996) Transthoracic defibrillation: importance of avoiding electrode placement directly on the female breast. J Am Coll Cardiol 27: 449–452PubMed
42.
Deakin CD, Sado DM, Petley GW, Clewlow F (2003) Is the orientation of the apical defibrillation paddle of importance during manual external defibrillation? Resuscitation 56: 15–18PubMed
43.
Kirchhof P, Borggrefe M, Breithardt G (2003) Effect of electrode position on the outcome of cardioversion. Card Electrophysiol Rev 7: 292–296PubMed
44.
Kirchhof P, Eckardt L, Loh P et al. (2002) Anterior-posterior versus anterior-lateral electrode positions for external cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: a randomised trial. Lancet 360: 1275–1279PubMed
45.
Botto GL, Politi A, Bonini W, Broffoni T, Bonatti R (1999) External cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: role of paddle position on technical efficacy and energy requirements. Heart 82: 726–730PubMedPubMedCentral
46.
Alp NJ, Rahman S, Bell JA, Shahi M (2000) Randomised comparison of antero-lateral versus antero-posterior paddle positions for DC cardioversion of persistent atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol 75: 211–216PubMed
47.
Mathew TP, Moore A, McIntyre M et al. (1999) Randomised comparison of electrode positions for cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. Heart 81: 576–579PubMedPubMedCentral
48.
Walsh SJ, McCarty D, McClelland AJ et al. (2005) Impedance compensated biphasic waveforms for transthoracic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: a multi-centre comparison of antero-apical and antero-posterior pad positions. Eur Heart J 26: 1292–1297
49.
Deakin CD, McLaren RM, Petley GW, Clewlow F, Dalrymple-Hay MJ (1998) Effects of positive end-expiratory pressure on transthoracic impedance — implications for defibrillation. Resuscitation 37: 9–12PubMed
50.
American National Standard (1993) Automatic External Defibrillators and Remote Controlled Defibrillators (DF39). Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, Arlington, Virgina
51.
Deakin CD, McLaren RM, Petley GW, Clewlow F, Dalrymple-Hay MJ (1998) A comparison of transthoracic impedance using standard defibrillation paddles and self-adhesive defibrillation pads. Resuscitation 39: 43–46PubMed
52.
Stults KR, Brown DD, Cooley F, Kerber RE (1987) Self-adhesive monitor/defibrillation pads improve prehospital defibrillation success. Ann Emerg Med 16: 872–877PubMed
53.
Kerber RE, Martins JB, Kelly KJ et al. (1984) Self-adhesive preapplied electrode pads for defibrillation and cardioversion. J Am Coll Cardiol 3: 815–820PubMed
54.
Kerber RE, Martins JB, Ferguson DW et al. (1985) Experimental evaluation and initial clinical application of new self-adhesive defibrillation electrodes. Int J Cardiol 8: 57–66PubMed
55.
Perkins GD, Roberts C, Gao F (2002) Delays in defibrillation: influence of different monitoring techniques. Br J Anaesth 89: 405–408PubMed
56.
Bradbury N, Hyde D, Nolan J (2000) Reliability of ECG monitoring with a gel pad/paddle combination after defibrillation. Resuscitation 44: 203–206PubMed
57.
Chamberlain D (2000) Gel pads should not be used for monitoring ECG after defibrillation. Resuscitation 43: 159–160PubMed
58.
Callaway CW, Sherman LD, Mosesso VN Jr, Dietrich TJ, Holt E, Clarkson MC (2001) Scaling exponent predicts defibrillation success for out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest. Circulation 103: 1656–1661PubMed
59.
Eftestol T, Sunde K, Aase SO, Husoy JH, Steen PA (2000) Predicting outcome of defibrillation by spectral characterization and nonparametric classification of ventricular fibrillation in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 102: 1523–1529PubMed
60.
Eftestol T, Wik L, Sunde K, Steen PA (2004) Effects of cardiopulmonary resuscitation on predictors of ventricular fibrillation defibrillation success during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 110: 10–15PubMed
61.
Weaver WD, Cobb LA, Dennis D, Ray R, Hallstrom AP, Copass MK (1985) Amplitude of ventricular fibrillation waveform and outcome after cardiac arrest. Ann Intern Med 102: 53–55PubMed
62.
Brown CG, Dzwonczyk R (1996) Signal analysis of the human electrocardiogram during ventricular fibrillation: frequency and amplitude parameters as predictors of successful countershock. Ann Emerg Med 27: 184–188PubMed
63.
Callaham M, Braun O, Valentine W, Clark DM, Zegans C (1993) Prehospital cardiac arrest treated by urban first-responders: profile of patient response and prediction of outcome by ventricular fibrillation waveform. Ann Emerg Med 22: 1664–1677PubMed
64.
Strohmenger HU, Lindner KH, Brown CG (1997) Analysis of the ventricular fibrillation ECG signal amplitude and frequency parameters as predictors of countershock success in humans. Chest 111: 584–589PubMed
65.
Strohmenger HU, Eftestol T, Sunde K et al. (2001) The predictive value of ventricular fibrillation electrocardiogram signal frequency and amplitude variables in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Anesth Analg 93: 1428–1433PubMed
66.
Podbregar M, Kovacic M, Podbregar-Mars A, Brezocnik M (2003) Predicting defibrillation success by ‚genetic‘ programming in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 57: 153–159PubMed
67.
Menegazzi JJ, Callaway CW, Sherman LD et al. (2004) Ventricular fibrillation scaling exponent can guide timing of defibrillation and other therapies. Circulation 109: 926–931PubMed
68.
Povoas HP, Weil MH, Tang W, Bisera J, Klouche K, Barbatsis A (2002) Predicting the success of defibrillation by electrocardiographic analysis. Resuscitation 53: 77–82PubMed
69.
Noc M, Weil MH, Tang W, Sun S, Pernat A, Bisera J (1999) Electrocardiographic prediction of the success of cardiac resuscitation. Crit Care Med 27: 708–714PubMed
70.
Strohmenger HU, Lindner KH, Keller A, Lindner IM, Pfenninger EG (1996) Spectral analysis of ventricular fibrillation and closed-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 33: 155–161PubMed
71.
Noc M, Weil MH, Gazmuri RJ, Sun S, Biscera J, Tang W (1994) Ventricular fibrillation voltage as a monitor of the effectiveness of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. J Lab Clin Med 124: 421–426PubMed
72.
Lightfoot CB, Nremt P, Callaway CW et al. (2003) Dynamic nature of electrocardiographic waveform predicts rescue shock outcome in porcine ventricular fibrillation. Ann Emerg Med 42: 230–341PubMed
73.
Marn-Pernat A, Weil MH, Tang W, Pernat A, Bisera J (2001) Optimizing timing of ventricular defibrillation. Crit Care Med 29: 2360–2365PubMed
74.
Hamprecht FA, Achleitner U, Krismer AC et al. (2001) Fibrillation power, an alternative method of ECG spectral analysis for prediction of countershock success in a porcine model of ventricular fibrillation. Resuscitation 50: 287–296PubMed
75.
Amann A, Achleitner U, Antretter H et al. (2001) Analysing ventricular fibrillation ECG-signals and predicting defibrillation success during cardiopulmonary resuscitation employing N(alpha)-histograms. Resuscitation 50: 77–85PubMed
76.
Brown CG, Griffith RF, Van Ligten P et al. (1991) Median frequency — a new parameter for predicting defibrillation success rate. Ann Emerg Med 20: 787–789PubMed
77.
Amann A, Rheinberger K, Achleitner U et al. (2002) The prediction of defibrillation outcome using a new combination of mean frequency and amplitude in porcine models of cardiac arrest. Anesth Analg 95: 716–722PubMed
78.
Cobb LA, Fahrenbruch CE, Walsh TR et al. (1999) Influence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation prior to defibrillation in patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. JAMA 281: 1182–1188PubMed
79.
Wik L, Hansen TB, Fylling F et al. (2003) Delaying defibrillation to give basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation to patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation: a randomized trial. JAMA 289: 1389–1395PubMed
80.
Jacobs IG, Finn JC, Oxer HF, Jelinek GA (2005) CPR before defibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized trial. Emerg Med Australas 17: 39–45PubMed
81.
Berg RA, Hilwig RW, Kern KB, Ewy GA (2002) Precountershock cardiopulmonary resuscitation improves ventricular fibrillation median frequency and myocardial readiness for successful defibrillation from prolonged ventricular fibrillation: a randomized, controlled swine study. Ann Emerg Med 40: 563–570PubMed
82.
Berg RA, Hilwig RW, Ewy GA, Kern KB (2004) Precountershock cardiopulmonary resuscitation improves initial response to defibrillation from prolonged ventricular fibrillation: a randomized, controlled swine study. Crit Care Med 32: 1352–1357PubMed
83.
Kolarova J, Ayoub IM, Yi Z, Gazmuri RJ (2003) Optimal timing for electrical defibrillation after prolonged untreated ventricular fibrillation. Crit Care Med 31: 2022–2028PubMed
84.
Berg RA, Sanders AB, Kern KB et al. (2001) Adverse hemodynamic effects of interrupting chest compressions for rescue breathing during cardiopulmonary resuscitation for ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest. Circulation 104: 2465–2470PubMed
85.
Kern KB, Hilwig RW, Berg RA, Sanders AB, Ewy GA (2002) Importance of continuous chest compressions during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: improved outcome during a simulated single lay-rescuer scenario. Circulation 105: 645–649PubMed
86.
Yu T, Weil MH, Tang W et al. (2002) Adverse outcomes of interrupted precordial compression during automated defibrillation. Circulation 106: 368–372PubMed
87.
Eftestol T, Sunde K, Steen PA (2002) Effects of interrupting precordial compressions on the calculated probability of defibrillation success during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 105: 2270–2273PubMed
88.
Valenzuela TD, Kern KB, Clark LL et al. (2005) Interruptions of chest compressions during emergency medical systems resuscitation. Circulation 112: 1259–1265PubMed
89.
van Alem AP, Sanou BT, Koster RW (2003) Interruption of cardiopulmonary resuscitation with the use of the automated external defibrillator in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 42: 449–457PubMed
90.
Bain AC, Swerdlow CD, Love CJ et al. (2001) Multicenter study of principles-based waveforms for external defibrillation. Ann Emerg Med 37: 5–12PubMed
91.
Poole JE, White RD, Kanz KG et al. (1997) Low-energy impedance-compensating biphasic waveforms terminate ventricular fibrillation at high rates in victims of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. LIFE Investigators. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 8: 1373–1385PubMed
92.
Schneider T, Martens PR, Paschen H et al. (2000) Multicenter, randomized, controlled trial of 150-J biphasic shocks compared with 200- to 360-J monophasic shocks in the resuscitation of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest victims. Optimized Response to Cardiac Arrest (ORCA) Investigators. Circulation 102: 1780–1787PubMed
93.
Rea TD, Shah S, Kudenchuk PJ, Copass MK, Cobb LA (2005) Automated external defibrillators: to what extent does the algorithm delay CPR? Ann Emerg Med 46: 132–141PubMed
94.
Hess EP, White RD (2005) Ventricular fibrillation is not provoked by chest compression during post-shock organized rhythms in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 66: 7–11PubMed
95.
Joglar JA, Kessler DJ, Welch PJ et al. (1999) Effects of repeated electrical defibrillations on cardiac troponin I levels. Am J Cardiol 83: 270–272PubMed
96.
van Alem AP, Chapman FW, Lank P, Hart AA, Koster RW (2003) A prospective, randomised and blinded comparison of first shock success of monophasic and biphasic waveforms in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 58: 17–24PubMed
97.
Carpenter J, Rea TD, Murray JA, Kudenchuk PJ, Eisenberg MS (2003) Defibrillation waveform and post-shock rhythm in out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 59: 189–196PubMed
98.
Morrison LJ, Dorian P, Long J et al. (2005) Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest rectilinear biphasic to monophasic damped sine defibrillation waveforms with advanced life support intervention trial (ORBIT). Resuscitation 66: 149–157PubMed
99.
Kerber RE, Martins JB, Kienzle MG et al. (1988) Energy, current, and success in defibrillation and cardioversion: clinical studies using an automated impedance-based method of energy adjustment. Circulation 77: 1038–1046PubMed
100.
Koster RW, Dorian P, Chapman FW, Schmitt PW, O’Grady SG, Walker RG (2004) A randomized trial comparing monophasic and biphasic waveform shocks for external cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. Am Heart J 147: 20
101.
Martens PR, Russell JK, Wolcke B et al. (2001) Optimal Response to Cardiac Arrest study: defibrillation waveform effects. Resuscitation 49: 233–243PubMed
102.
Weaver WD, Cobb LA, Copass MK, Hallstrom AP (1982) Ventricular defibrillation: a comparative trial using 175-J and 320-J shocks. N Engl J Med 307: 1101–1106PubMed
103.
Tang W, Weil MH, Sun S et al. (1999) The effects of biphasic and conventional monophasic defibrillation on postresuscitation myocardial function. J Am Coll Cardiol 34: 815–822PubMed
104.
Gliner BE, Jorgenson DB, Poole JE et al. (1998) Treatment of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with a low-energy impedance-compensating biphasic waveform automatic external defibrillator. The LIFE Investigators. Biomed Instrum Technol 32: 631–644PubMed
105.
White RD, Blackwell TH, Russell JK, Snyder DE, Jorgenson DB (2005) Transthoracic impedance does not affect defibrillation, resuscitation or survival in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest treated with a non-escalating biphasic waveform defibrillator. Resuscitation 64: 63–69PubMed
106.
Kuisma M, Suominen P, Korpela R (1995) Paediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrests: epidemiology and outcome. Resuscitation 30: 141–150PubMed
107.
Sirbaugh PE, Pepe PE, Shook JE et al. (1999) A prospective, population-based study of the demographics, epidemiology, management, and outcome of out-of-hospital pediatric cardiopulmonary arrest. Ann Emerg Med 33: 174–184PubMed
108.
Hickey RW, Cohen DM, Strausbaugh S, Dietrich AM (1995) Pediatric patients requiring CPR in the prehospital setting. Ann Emerg Med 25: 495–501PubMed
109.
Appleton GO, Cummins RO, Larson MP, Graves JR (1995) CPR and the single rescuer: at what age should you „call first“ rather than „call fast“? Ann Emerg Med 25: 492–494PubMed
110.
Ronco R, King W, Donley DK, Tilden SJ (1995) Outcome and cost at a children’s hospital following resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 149: 210–214PubMed
111.
Losek JD, Hennes H, Glaeser P, Hendley G, Nelson DB (1987) Prehospital care of the pulseless, nonbreathing pediatric patient. Am J Emerg Med 5: 370–374PubMed
112.
Mogayzel C, Quan L, Graves JR, Tiedeman D, Fahrenbruch C, Herndon P (1995) Out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation in children and adolescents: causes and outcomes. Ann Emerg Med 25: 484–491PubMed
113.
Safranek DJ, Eisenberg MS, Larsen MP (1992) The epidemiology of cardiac arrest in young adults. Ann Emerg Med 21: 1102–1106PubMed
114.
Berg RA, Chapman FW, Berg MD et al. (2004) Attenuated adult biphasic shocks compared with weight-based monophasic shocks in a swine model of prolonged pediatric ventricular fibrillation. Resuscitation 61: 189–197PubMed
115.
Tang W, Weil MH, Jorgenson D et al. (2002) Fixed-energy biphasic waveform defibrillation in a pediatric model of cardiac arrest and resuscitation. Crit Care Med 30: 2736–2741PubMed
116.
Clark CB, Zhang Y, Davies LR, Karlsson G, Kerber RE (2001) Pediatric transthoracic defibrillation: biphasic versus monophasic waveforms in an experimental model. Resuscitation 51: 159–163PubMed
117.
Gurnett CA, Atkins DL (2000) Successful use of a biphasic waveform automated external defibrillator in a high-risk child. Am J Cardiol 86: 1051–1053PubMed
118.
Atkins DL, Jorgenson DB (2005) Attenuated pediatric electrode pads for automated external defibrillator use in children. Resuscitation 66: 31–37PubMed
119.
Gutgesell HP, Tacker WA, Geddes LA, Davis S, Lie JT, McNamara DG (1976) Energy dose for ventricular defibrillation of children. Pediatrics 58: 898–901PubMed
120.
Cummins RO, Austin D Jr (1988) The frequency of ‚occult‘ ventricular fibrillation masquerading as a flat line in prehospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 17: 813–817PubMed
121.
Losek JD, Hennes H, Glaeser PW, Smith DS, Hendley G (1989) Prehospital countershock treatment of pediatric asystole. Am J Emerg Med 7: 571–575PubMed
122.
Martin DR, Gavin T, Bianco J et al. (1999) Initial countershock in the treatment of asystole. Resuscitation 26: 63–68
123.
Kohl P, King AM, Boulin C (2005) Antiarrhythmic effects of acute mechanical stiumulation. In: Kohl P, Sachs F, Franz MR, eds. Cardiac mechano-electric feedback and arrhythmias: form pipette to patient. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 304–314
124.
Befeler B (1978) Mechanical stimulation of the heart; its therapeutic value in tachyarrhythmias. Chest 73: 832–838PubMed
125.
Volkmann HK A, Kühnert H, Paliege R, Dannberg G, Siegert K (1990) Terminierung von Kammertachykardien durch mechanische Herzstimulation mit Präkordialschlägen. Z Kardiol 79: 717–724PubMed
126.
Caldwell G, Millar G, Quinn E (1985) Simple mechanical methods for cardioversion: Defence of the precordial thump and cough version. Br Med J 291: 627–630
127.
Morgera T, Baldi N, Chersevani D, Medugno G, Camerini F (1979) Chest thump and ventricular tachycardia. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2: 69–75PubMed
128.
Rahner E, Zeh E (1978) Die Regularisierung von Kammertachykardien durch präkordialen Faustschlag. Med Welt 29: 1659–1663PubMed
129.
Gertsch M, Hottinger S, Hess T (1992) Serial chest thumps for the treatment of ventricular tachycardia in patients with coronary artery disease. Clin Cardiol 15: 181–188PubMed
130.
Krijne R (1984) Rate acceleration of ventricular tachycardia after a precordial chest thump. Am J Cardiol 53: 964–965PubMed
131.
Sclarovsky S, Kracoff OH, Agmon J (1981) Acceleration of ventricular tachycardia induced by a chest thump. Chest 80: 596–599PubMed
132.
Yakaitis RW, Redding JS (1973) Precordial thumping during cardiac resuscitation. Crit Care Med 1: 22–26PubMed
133.
134.
Mittal S, Ayati S, Stein KM et al. (2000) Transthoracic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: comparison of rectilinear biphasic versus damped sine wave monophasic shocks. Circulation 101: 1282–1287PubMed
135.
Page RL, Kerber RE, Russell JK et al. (2002) Biphasic versus monophasic shock waveform for conversion of atrial fibrillation: the results of an international randomized, double-blind multicenter trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 39: 1956–1963PubMed
136.
Joglar JA, Hamdan MH, Ramaswamy K et al. (2000) Initial energy for elective external cardioversion of persistent atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 86: 348–850PubMed
137.
Alatawi F, Gurevitz O, White R (2005) Prospective, randomized comparison of two biphasic waveforms for the efficacy and safety of transthoracic biphasic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2: 382–387PubMed
138.
Pinski SL, Sgarbossa EB, Ching E, Trohman RG (1999) A comparison of 50-J versus 100-J shocks for direct-current cardioversion of atrial flutter. Am Heart J 137: 439–442PubMed
139.
Kerber RE, Kienzle MG, Olshansky B et al. (1992) Ventricular tachycardia rate and morphology determine energy and current requirements for transthoracic cardioversion. Circulation 85: 158–163PubMed
140.
Hedges JR, Syverud SA, Dalsey WC, Feero S, Easter R, Shultz B (1987) Prehospital trial of emergency transcutaneous cardiac pacing. Circulation 76: 1337–1343PubMed
141.
Barthell E, Troiano P, Olson D, Stueven HA, Hendley G (1988) Prehospital external cardiac pacing: a prospective, controlled clinical trial. Ann Emerg Med 17: 1221–1226PubMed
142.
Cummins RO, Graves JR, Larsen MP et al. (1993) Out-of-hospital transcutaneous pacing by emergency medical technicians in patients with asystolic cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 328: 1377–1382PubMed
143.
Ornato JP, Peberdy MA (1996) The mystery of bradyasystole during cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 27: 576–587PubMed
144.
Niemann JT, Adomian GE, Garner D, Rosborough JP (1985) Endocardial and transcutaneous cardiac pacing, calcium chloride, and epinephrine in postcountershock asystole and bradycardias. Crit Care Med 13: 699–704PubMed
145.
Quan L, Graves JR, Kinder DR, Horan S, Cummins RO (1992) Transcutaneous cardiac pacing in the treatment of out-of-hospital pediatric cardiac arrests. Ann Emerg Med 21: 905–909PubMed
146.
Dalsey WC, Syverud SA, Hedges JR (1985) Emergency department use of transcutaneous pacing for cardiac arrests. Crit Care Med 13: 399–401PubMed
147.
Knowlton AA, Falk RH (1986) External cardiac pacing during in-hospital cardiac arrest. Am J Cardiol 57: 1295–1298PubMed
148.
Ornato JP, Carveth WL, Windle JR (1984) Pacemaker insertion for prehospital bradyasystolic cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 13: 101–103PubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Elektrische Therapie: automatisierte externe Defibrillatoren, Defibrillation, Kardioversion und Schrittmachertherapie
Abschnitt 3 der Leitlinien zur Reanimation 2005 des European Resuscitation Council
verfasst von
C. D. Deakin
J. P. Nolan
Prof. Dr. H. Domanovits
Publikationsdatum
01.02.2006
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Notfall + Rettungsmedizin / Ausgabe 1/2006
Print ISSN: 1434-6222
Elektronische ISSN: 1436-0578
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10049-006-0793-3

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2006

Moderne Reanimation in Theorie und Praxis Die Leitlinien des ERC in deutschsprachiger Fassung liegen vor

  • Einführung zum Thema

Erweiterte Reanimationsmaßnahmen für Erwachsene (ALS)

  • Schwerpunkt: ERC-Leitlinien

Prinzipien des Trainings in der Wiederbelebung

  • Schwerpunkt: ERC-Leitlinien

Kreislaufstillstand unter besonderen Umständen

  • Schwerpunkt: ERC-Leitlinien

Lebensrettende Basismaßnahmen für Erwachsene und Verwendung automatisierter externer Defibrillatoren

  • Schwerpunkt: ERC-Leitlinien

Initiales Management von Patienten mit akutem Koronarsyndrom

  • Schwerpunkt: ERC-Leitlinien