Basismaßnahmen zur Wiederbelebung Erwachsener und Verwendung automatisierter externer Defibrillatoren

1.

Soar J, Nolan JP, Bottiger BW et al (2015) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015 Section 3 Adult Advanced Life Support. Resuscitation 95:99–146

2.

Zideman DA, De Buck EDJ, Singletary EM et al (2015) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015 Section 9 First Aid. Resuscitation 95:277–286

3.

Perkins GD, Travers AH, Considine J et al (2015) Part 3: adult basic life support and automated external defibrillation: 2015 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations. Resuscitation 95:e43–e70

4.

Berdowski J, Berg RA, Tijssen JG, Koster RW (2010) Global incidences of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and survival rates: systematic review of 67 prospective studies. Resuscitation 81:1479–1487PubMedCrossRef

5.

Grasner JT, Herlitz J, Koster RW, Rosell-Ortiz F, Stamatakis L, Bossaert L (2011) Quality management in resuscitation–towards a European cardiac arrest registry (EuReCa). Resuscitation 82:989–994PubMedCrossRef

6.

Grasner JT, Bossaert L (2013) Epidemiology and management of cardiac arrest: what registries are revealing. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 27:293–306PubMedCrossRef

7.

Cobb LA, Fahrenbruch CE, Olsufka M, Copass MK (2002) Changing incidence of out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation, 1980–2000. JAMA 288:3008–3013PubMedCrossRef

8.

Rea TD, Pearce RM, Raghunathan TE et al (2004) Incidence of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Am J Cardiol 93:1455–1460PubMedCrossRef

9.

Vaillancourt C, Verma A, Trickett J et al (2007) Evaluating the effectiveness of dispatch-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation instructions. Acad Emerg Med 14:877–883PubMedCrossRef

10.

Agarwal DA, Hess EP, Atkinson EJ, White RD (2009) Ventricular fibrillation in Rochester, Minnesota: experience over 18 years. Resuscitation 80:1253–1258PubMedCrossRef

11.

Ringh M, Herlitz J, Hollenberg J, Rosenqvist M, Svensson L (2009) Out of hospital cardiac arrest outside home in Sweden, change in characteristics, outcome and availability for public access defibrillation. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 17:18PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

12.

Hulleman M, Berdowski J, de Groot JR et al (2012) Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators have reduced the incidence of resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest caused by lethal arrhythmias. Circulation 126:815–821PubMedCrossRef

13.

Blom MT, Beesems SG, Homma PC et al (2014) Improved survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and use of automated external defibrillators. Circulation 130:1868–1875PubMedCrossRef

14.

Cummins R, Thies W (1991) Automated external defibrillators and the Advanced Cardiac Life Support Program: a new initiative from the American Heart Association. Am J Emerg Med 9:91–93CrossRef

15.

Waalewijn RA, Nijpels MA, Tijssen JG, Koster RW (2002) Prevention of deterioration of ventricular fibrillation by basic life support during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 54:31–36PubMedCrossRef

16.

Weisfeldt ML, Sitlani CM, Ornato JP et al (2010) Survival after application of automatic external defibrillators before arrival of the emergency medical system: evaluation in the resuscitation outcomes consortium population of 21 million. J Am Coll Cardiol 55:1713–1720PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

17.

Berdowski J, Blom MT, Bardai A, Tan HL, Tijssen JG, Koster RW (2011) Impact of onsite or dispatched automated external defibrillator use on survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 124:2225–2232PubMedCrossRef

18.

Nolan J, Soar J, Eikeland H (2006) The chain of survival. Resuscitation 71:270–271PubMedCrossRef

19.

Muller D, Agrawal R, Arntz HR (2006) How sudden is sudden cardiac death? Circulation 114:1146–1150PubMedCrossRef

20.

Waalewijn RA, Tijssen JG, Koster RW (2001) Bystander initiated actions in out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation: results from the Amsterdam Resuscitation Study (ARRESUST). Resuscitation 50:273–279PubMedCrossRef

21.

Sasson C, Rogers MA, Dahl J, Kellermann AL (2010) Predictors of survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 3:63–81PubMedCrossRef

22.

Nehme Z, Andrew E, Bernard S, Smith K (2015) Comparison of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest occurring before and after paramedic arrival: epidemiology, survival to hospital discharge and 12-month functional recovery. Resuscitation 89:50–57PubMedCrossRef

23.

Takei Y, Nishi T, Kamikura T et al (2015) Do early emergency calls before patient collapse improve survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrests? Resuscitation 88:20–27PubMedCrossRef

24.

Valenzuela TD, Roe DJ, Cretin S, Spaite DW, Larsen MP (1997) Estimating effectiveness of cardiac arrest interventions: a logistic regression survival model. Circulation 96:3308–3313PubMedCrossRef

25.

Holmberg M, Holmberg S, Herlitz J, Gardelov B (1998) Survival after cardiac arrest outside hospital in Sweden. Swedish Cardiac Arrest Registry. Resuscitation 36:29–36PubMedCrossRef

26.

Holmberg M, Holmberg S, Herlitz J (2001) Factors modifying the effect of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation on survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients in Sweden. Eur Heart J 22:511–519PubMedCrossRef

27.

Wissenberg M, Lippert FK, Folke F et al (2013) Association of national initiatives to improve cardiac arrest management with rates of bystander intervention and patient survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 310:1377–1384PubMedCrossRef

28.

Hasselqvist-Ax I, Riva G, Herlitz J et al (2015) Early cardiopulmonary resuscitation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 372:2307–2315PubMedCrossRef

29.

Rea TD, Fahrenbruch C, Culley L et al (2010) CPR with chest compresssions alone or with rescue breathing. N Engl J Med 363:423–433PubMedCrossRef

30.

Svensson L, Bohm K, Castren M et al (2010) Compression-only CPR or standard CPR in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 363:434–442PubMedCrossRef

31.

Hupfl M, Selig HF, Nagele P (2010) Chest-compression-only versus standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a meta-analysis. Lancet 376:1552–1557PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

32.

Valenzuela TD, Roe DJ, Nichol G, Clark LL, Spaite DW, Hardman RG (2000) Outcomes of rapid defibrillation by security officers after cardiac arrest in casinos. N Engl J Med 343:1206–1209PubMedCrossRef

33.

Ringh M, Rosenqvist M, Hollenberg J et al (2015) Mobile-phone dispatch of laypersons for CPR in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 372:2316–2325PubMedCrossRef

34.

Larsen MP, Eisenberg MS, Cummins RO, Hallstrom AP (1993) Predicting survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a graphic model. Ann Emerg Med 22:1652–1658PubMedCrossRef

35.

Nolan JP, Soar J, Cariou A et al (2015) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015 Section 5 Post Resuscitation Care. Resuscitation 95:201–221

36.

van Alem AP, Vrenken RH, de Vos R, Tijssen JG, Koster RW (2003) Use of automated external defibrillator by first responders in out of hospital cardiac arrest: prospective controlled trial. BMJ 327:1312PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

37.

Fothergill RT, Watson LR, Chamberlain D, Virdi GK, Moore FP, Whitbread M (2013) Increases in survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a five year study. Resuscitation 84:1089–1092PubMedCrossRef

38.

Perkins GD, Lall R, Quinn T et al (2015) Mechanical versus manual chest compression for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (PARAMEDIC): a pragmatic, cluster randomised controlled trial. Lancet 385:947–955PubMedCrossRef

39.

Weisfeldt ML, Becker LB (2002) Resuscitation after cardiac arrest: a 3-phase time-sensitive model. JAMA 288:3035–3038PubMedCrossRef

40.

Zijlstra JA, Stieglis R, Riedijk F, Smeekes M, van der Worp WE, Koster RW (2014) Local lay rescuers with AEDs, alerted by text messages, contribute to early defibrillation in a Dutch out-of-hospital cardiac arrest dispatch system. Resuscitation 85:1444–1449PubMedCrossRef

41.

Kerber RE, Becker LB, Bourland JD et al (1997) Automatic external defibrillators for public access defibrillation: recommendations for specifying and reporting arrhythmia analysis algorithm performance, incorporating new waveforms, and enhancing safety. A statement for health professionals from the American Heart Association Task Force on Automatic External Defibrillation, Subcommittee on AED Safety and Efficacy. Circulation 95:1677–1682PubMedCrossRef

42.

Calle PA, Mpotos N, Calle SP, Monsieurs KG (2015) Inaccurate treatment decisions of automated external defibrillators used by emergency medical services personnel: incidence, cause and impact on outcome. Resuscitation 88:68–74PubMedCrossRef

43.

Bahr J, Klingler H, Panzer W, Rode H, Kettler D (1997) Skills of lay people in checking the carotid pulse. Resuscitation 35:23–26PubMedCrossRef

44.

Nyman J, Sihvonen M (2000) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation skills in nurses and nursing students. Resuscitation 47:179–184PubMedCrossRef

45.

Tibballs J, Russell P (2009) Reliability of pulse palpation by healthcare personnel to diagnose paediatric cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 80:61–64PubMedCrossRef

46.

Tibballs J, Weeranatna C (2010) The influence of time on the accuracy of healthcare personnel to diagnose paediatric cardiac arrest by pulse palpation. Resuscitation 81:671–675PubMedCrossRef

47.

Moule P (2000) Checking the carotid pulse: diagnostic accuracy in students of the healthcare professions. Resuscitation 44:195–201PubMedCrossRef

48.

Bobrow BJ, Zuercher M, Ewy GA et al (2008) Gasping during cardiac arrest in humans is frequent and associated with improved survival. Circulation 118:2550–2554PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

49.

Perkins GD, Stephenson B, Hulme J, Monsieurs KG (2005) Birmingham assessment of breathing study (BABS). Resuscitation 64:109–113PubMedCrossRef

50.

Perkins GD, Walker G, Christensen K, Hulme J, Monsieurs KG (2006) Teaching recognition of agonal breathing improves accuracy of diagnosing cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 70:432–437PubMedCrossRef

51.

Breckwoldt J, Schloesser S, Arntz HR (2009) Perceptions of collapse and assessment of cardiac arrest by bystanders of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OOHCA). Resuscitation 80:1108–1113PubMedCrossRef

52.

Stecker EC, Reinier K, Uy-Evanado A et al (2013) Relationship between seizure episode and sudden cardiac arrest in patients with epilepsy: a community-based study. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 6:912–916PubMedCrossRef

53.

Kuisma M, Boyd J, Vayrynen T, Repo J, Nousila-Wiik M, Holmstrom P (2005) Emergency call processing and survival from out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. Resuscitation 67:89–93PubMedCrossRef

54.

Berdowski J, Beekhuis F, Zwinderman AH, Tijssen JG, Koster RW (2009) Importance of the first link: description and recognition of an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in an emergency call. Circulation 119:2096–2102PubMedCrossRef

55.

Heward A, Damiani M, Hartley-Sharpe C (2004) Does the use of the Advanced Medical Priority Dispatch System affect cardiac arrest detection? Emerg Med J 21:115–118PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

56.

Eisenberg MS, Hallstrom AP, Carter WB, Cummins RO, Bergner L, Pierce J (1985) Emergency CPR instruction via telephone. Am J Public Health 75:47–50PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

57.

Stipulante S, Tubes R, El Fassi M et al (2014) Implementation of the ALERT algorithm, a new dispatcher-assisted telephone cardiopulmonary resuscitation protocol, in non-Advanced Medical Priority Dispatch System (AMPDS) Emergency Medical Services centres. Resuscitation 85:177–181PubMedCrossRef

58.

Castren M, Kuisma M, Serlachius J, Skrifvars M (2001) Do health care professionals report sudden cardiac arrest better than laymen? Resuscitation 51:265–268PubMedCrossRef

59.

Hallstrom AP, Cobb LA, Johnson E, Copass MK (2003) Dispatcher assisted CPR: implementation and potential benefit. A 12-year study. Resuscitation 57:123–129PubMedCrossRef

60.

Dami F, Fuchs V, Praz L, Vader JP (2010) Introducing systematic dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation (telephone-CPR) in a non-Advanced Medical Priority Dispatch System (AMPDS): implementation process and costs. Resuscitation 81:848–852PubMedCrossRef

61.

Nurmi J, Pettila V, Biber B, Kuisma M, Komulainen R, Castren M (2006) Effect of protocol compliance to cardiac arrest identification by emergency medical dispatchers. Resuscitation 70:463–469PubMedCrossRef

62.

Lewis M, Stubbs BA, Eisenberg MS (2013) Dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation: time to identify cardiac arrest and deliver chest compression instructions. Circulation 128:1522–1530PubMedCrossRef

63.

Hauff SR, Rea TD, Culley LL, Kerry F, Becker L, Eisenberg MS (2003) Factors impeding dispatcher-assisted telephone cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Ann Emerg Med 42:731–737PubMedCrossRef

64.

Bohm K, Stalhandske B, Rosenqvist M, Ulfvarson J, Hollenberg J, Svensson L (2009) Tuition of emergency medical dispatchers in the recognition of agonal respiration increases the use of telephone assisted CPR. Resuscitation 80:1025–1028PubMedCrossRef

65.

Bohm K, Rosenqvist M, Hollenberg J, Biber B, Engerstrom L, Svensson L (2007) Dispatcher-assisted telephone-guided cardiopulmonary resuscitation: an underused lifesaving system. Eur J Emerg Med 14:256–259PubMedCrossRef

66.

Bång A, Herlitz J, Martinell S (2003) Interaction between emergency medical dispatcher and caller in suspected out-of-hospital cardiac arrest calls with focus on agonal breathing. A review of 100 tape recordings of true cardiac arrest cases. Resuscitation 56:25–34PubMedCrossRef

67.

Roppolo LP, Westfall A, Pepe PE et al (2009) Dispatcher assessments for agonal breathing improve detection of cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 80:769–772PubMedCrossRef

68.

Tanaka Y, Taniguchi J, Wato Y, Yoshida Y, Inaba H (2012) The continuous quality improvement project for telephone-assisted instruction of cardiopulmonary resuscitation increased the incidence of bystander CPR and improved the outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. Resuscitation 83:1235–1241PubMedCrossRef

69.

Clawson J, Olola C, Heward A, Patterson B (2007) Cardiac arrest predictability in seizure patients based on emergency medical dispatcher identification of previous seizure or epilepsy history. Resuscitation 75:298–304PubMedCrossRef

70.

Akahane M, Ogawa T, Tanabe S et al (2012) Impact of telephone dispatcher assistance on the outcomes of pediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 40:1410–1416PubMedCrossRef

71.

Bray JE, Deasy C, Walsh J, Bacon A, Currell A, Smith K (2011) Changing EMS dispatcher CPR instructions to 400 compressions before mouth-to-mouth improved bystander CPR rates. Resuscitation 82:1393–1398PubMedCrossRef

72.

Culley LL, Clark JJ, Eisenberg MS, Larsen MP (1991) Dispatcher-assisted telephone CPR: common delays and time standards for delivery. Ann Emerg Med 20:362–366PubMedCrossRef

73.

Rea TD, Eisenberg MS, Culley LL, Becker L (2001) Dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation and survival in cardiac arrest. Circulation 104:2513–2516PubMedCrossRef

74.

Hallstrom AP (2000) Dispatcher-assisted „phone“ cardiopulmonary resuscitation by chest compression alone or with mouth-to-mouth ventilation. Crit Care Med 28:N190–N192CrossRef

75.

Stromsoe A, Svensson L, Axelsson AB et al (2015) Improved outcome in Sweden after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and possible association with improvements in every link in the chain of survival. Eur Heart J 36:863–871PubMedCrossRef

76.

Takei Y, Inaba H, Yachida T, Enami M, Goto Y, Ohta K (2010) Analysis of reasons for emergency call delays in Japan in relation to location: high incidence of correctable causes and the impact of delays on patient outcomes. Resuscitation 81:1492–1498PubMedCrossRef

77.

Herlitz J, Engdahl J, Svensson L, Young M, Angquist KA, Holmberg S (2003) A short delay from out of hospital cardiac arrest to call for ambulance increases survival. Eur Heart J 24:1750–1755PubMedCrossRef

78.

Nehme Z, Andrew E, Cameron P et al (2014) Direction of first bystander call for help is associated with outcome from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 85:42–48PubMedCrossRef

79.

Birkenes TS, Myklebust H, Neset A, Olasveengen TM, Kramer-Johansen J (2012) Video analysis of dispatcher-rescuer teamwork-Effects on CPR technique and performance. Resuscitation 83:494–499PubMedCrossRef

80.

Birkenes TS, Myklebust H, Kramer-Johansen J (2013) Time delays and capability of elderly to activate speaker function for continuous telephone CPR. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 21:40PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

81.

Marsch S, Tschan F, Semmer NK, Zobrist R, Hunziker PR, Hunziker S (2013) ABC versus CAB for cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a prospective, randomized simulator-based trial. Swiss Med Wkly 143:w13856PubMed

82.

Lubrano R, Cecchetti C, Bellelli E et al (2012) Comparison of times of intervention during pediatric CPR maneuvers using ABC and CAB sequences: a randomized trial. Resuscitation 83:1473–1477PubMedCrossRef

83.

Sekiguchi H, Kondo Y, Kukita I (2013) Verification of changes in the time taken to initiate chest compressions according to modified basic life support guidelines. Am J Emerg Med 31:1248–1250PubMedCrossRef

84.

Kobayashi M, Fujiwara A, Morita H et al (2008) A manikin-based observational study on cardiopulmonary resuscitation skills at the Osaka Senri medical rally. Resuscitation 78:333–339PubMedCrossRef

85.

Cha KC, Kim HJ, Shin HJ, Kim H, Lee KH, Hwang SO (2013) Hemodynamic effect of external chest compressions at the lower end of the sternum in cardiac arrest patients. J Emerg Med 44:691–697PubMedCrossRef

86.

Qvigstad E, Kramer-Johansen J, Tomte O et al (2013) Clinical pilot study of different hand positions during manual chest compressions monitored with capnography. Resuscitation 84:1203–1207PubMedCrossRef

87.

Orlowski JP (1986) Optimum position for external cardiac compression in infants and young children. Ann Emerg Med 15:667–673PubMedCrossRef

88.

Chamberlain D, Smith A, Colquhoun M, Handley AJ, Kern KB, Woollard M (2001) Randomised controlled trials of staged teaching for basic life support: 2. Comparison of CPR performance and skill retention using either staged instruction or conventional training. Resuscitation 50:27–37PubMedCrossRef

89.

Handley AJ (2002) Teaching hand placement for chest compression–a simpler technique. Resuscitation 53:29–36PubMedCrossRef

90.

Handley AJ, Handley JA (2004) Performing chest compressions in a confined space. Resuscitation 61:55–61PubMedCrossRef

91.

Perkins GD, Stephenson BT, Smith CM, Gao F (2004) A comparison between over-the-head and standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 61:155–161PubMedCrossRef

92.

Hostler D, Everson-Stewart S, Rea TD et al (2011) Effect of real-time feedback during cardiopulmonary resuscitation outside hospital: prospective, cluster-randomised trial. BMJ 342:d512PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

93.

Stiell IG, Brown SP, Christenson J et al (2012) What is the role of chest compression depth during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitation? Crit Care Med 40:1192–1198PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

94.

Stiell IG, Brown SP, Nichol G et al (2014) What is the optimal chest compression depth during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitation of adult patients? Circulation 130:1962–1970PubMedCrossRef

95.

Vadeboncoeur T, Stolz U, Panchal A et al (2014) Chest compression depth and survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 85:182–188PubMedCrossRef

96.

Hellevuo H, Sainio M, Nevalainen R et al (2013) Deeper chest compression – more complications for cardiac arrest patients? Resuscitation 84:760–765PubMedCrossRef

97.

Idris AH, Guffey D, Pepe PE et al (2015) Chest compression rates and survival following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 43:840–848PubMedCrossRef

98.

Idris AH, Guffey D, Aufderheide TP et al (2012) Relationship between chest compression rates and outcomes from cardiac arrest. Circulation 125:3004–3012PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

99.

Cheskes S, Schmicker RH, Verbeek PR et al (2014) The impact of peri-shock pause on survival from out-of-hospital shockable cardiac arrest during the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium PRIMED trial. Resuscitation 85:336–342PubMedCrossRef

100.

Cheskes S, Schmicker RH, Christenson J et al (2011) Perishock pause: an independent predictor of survival from out-of-hospital shockable cardiac arrest. Circulation 124:58–66PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

101.

Vaillancourt C, Everson-Stewart S, Christenson J et al (2011) The impact of increased chest compression fraction on return of spontaneous circulation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients not in ventricular fibrillation. Resuscitation 82:1501–1507PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

102.

Sell RE, Sarno R, Lawrence B et al (2010) Minimizing pre- and post-defibrillation pauses increases the likelihood of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Resuscitation 81:822–825PubMedCrossRef

103.

Christenson J, Andrusiek D, Everson-Stewart S et al (2009) Chest compression fraction determines survival in patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. Circulation 120:1241–1247PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

104.

Delvaux AB, Trombley MT, Rivet CJ et al (2009) Design and development of a cardiopulmonary resuscitation mattress. J Intensive Care Med 24:195–199PubMedCrossRef

105.

Nishisaki A, Maltese MR, Niles DE et al (2012) Backboards are important when chest compressions are provided on a soft mattress. Resuscitation 83:1013–1020PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

106.

Sato H, Komasawa N, Ueki R et al (2011) Backboard insertion in the operating table increases chest compression depth: a manikin study. J Anesth 25:770–772PubMedCrossRef

107.

Perkins GD, Smith CM, Augre C et al (2006) Effects of a backboard, bed height, and operator position on compression depth during simulated resuscitation. Intensive Care Med 32:1632–1635PubMedCrossRef

108.

Perkins GD, Kocierz L, Smith SC, McCulloch RA, Davies RP (2009) Compression feedback devices over estimate chest compression depth when performed on a bed. Resuscitation 80:79–82PubMedCrossRef

109.

Cloete G, Dellimore KH, Scheffer C, Smuts MS, Wallis LA (2011) The impact of backboard size and orientation on sternum-to-spine compression depth and compression stiffness in a manikin study of CPR using two mattress types. Resuscitation 82:1064–1070PubMedCrossRef

110.

Niles DE, Sutton RM, Nadkarni VM et al (2011) Prevalence and hemodynamic effects of leaning during CPR. Resuscitation 82(Suppl 2):23–26CrossRef

111.

Fried DA, Leary M, Smith DA et al (2011) The prevalence of chest compression leaning during in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 82:1019–1024PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

112.

Zuercher M, Hilwig RW, Ranger-Moore J et al (2010) Leaning during chest compressions impairs cardiac output and left ventricular myocardial blood flow in piglet cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 38:1141–1146PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

113.

Aufderheide TP, Pirrallo RG, Yannopoulos D et al (2005) Incomplete chest wall decompression: a clinical evaluation of CPR performance by EMS personnel and assessment of alternative manual chest compression-decompression techniques. Resuscitation 64:353–362PubMedCrossRef

114.

Yannopoulos D, McKnite S, Aufderheide TP et al (2005) Effects of incomplete chest wall decompression during cardiopulmonary resuscitation on coronary and cerebral perfusion pressures in a porcine model of cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 64:363–372PubMedCrossRef

115.

Jung E, Babbs CF, Lenhart S, Protopopescu VA (2006) Optimal strategy for cardiopulmonary resuscitation with continuous chest compression. Acad Emerg Med 13:715–721PubMedCrossRef

116.

Betz AE, Menegazzi JJ, Logue ES, Callaway CW, Wang HE (2006) A randomized comparison of manual, mechanical and high-impulse chest compression in a porcine model of prolonged ventricular fibrillation. Resuscitation 69:495–501PubMedCrossRef

117.

Koeken Y, Aelen P, Noordergraaf GJ, Paulussen I, Woerlee P, Noordergraaf A (2011) The influence of nonlinear intra-thoracic vascular behaviour and compression characteristics on cardiac output during CPR. Resuscitation 82:538–544PubMedCrossRef

118.

Sunde K, Wik L, Naess PA, Ilebekk A, Nicolaysen G, Steen PA (1998) Effect of different compression–decompression cycles on haemodynamics during ACD-CPR in pigs. Resuscitation 36:123–131PubMedCrossRef

119.

Handley AJ, Handley JA (1995) The relationship between rate of chest compression and compression:relaxation ratio. Resuscitation 30:237–241PubMedCrossRef

120.

Swart GL, Mateer JR, DeBehnke DJ, Jameson SJ, Osborn JL (1994) The effect of compression duration on hemodynamics during mechanical high-impulse CPR. Acad Emerg Med 1:430–437PubMedCrossRef

121.

Dean JM, Koehler RC, Schleien CL et al (1991) Improved blood flow during prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation with 30 % duty cycle in infant pigs. Circulation 84:896–904PubMedCrossRef

122.

Halperin HR, Tsitlik JE, Guerci AD et al (1986) Determinants of blood flow to vital organs during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in dogs. Circulation 73:539–50PubMedCrossRef

123.

Fitzgerald KR, Babbs CF, Frissora HA, Davis RW, Silver DI (1981) Cardiac output during cardiopulmonary resuscitation at various compression rates and durations. Am J Physiol 241:H442–H448PubMed

124.

Johnson B, Coult J, Fahrenbruch C et al (2015) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation duty cycle in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 87:86–90PubMedCrossRef

125.

Yeung J, Meeks R, Edelson D, Gao F, Soar J, Perkins GD (2009) The use of CPR feedback/prompt devices during training and CPR performance: a systematic review. Resuscitation 80:743–751PubMedCrossRef

126.

Kirkbright S, Finn J, Tohira H, Bremner A, Jacobs I, Celenza A (2014) Audiovisual feedback device use by health care professionals during CPR: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised and non-randomised trials. Resuscitation 85:460–471PubMedCrossRef

127.

Bohn A, Weber TP, Wecker S et al (2011) The addition of voice prompts to audiovisual feedback and debriefing does not modify CPR quality or outcomes in out of hospital cardiac arrest–a prospective, randomized trial. Resuscitation 82:257–262PubMedCrossRef

128.

Abella BS, Edelson DP, Kim S et al (2007) CPR quality improvement during in-hospital cardiac arrest using a real-time audiovisual feedback system. Resuscitation 73:54–61PubMedCrossRef

129.

Berg RA, Sanders AB, Milander M, Tellez D, Liu P, Beyda D (1994) Efficacy of audio-prompted rate guidance in improving resuscitator performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation on children. Acad Emerg Med 1:35–40PubMed

130.

Bobrow BJ, Vadeboncoeur TF, Stolz U et al (2013) The influence of scenario-based training and real-time audiovisual feedback on out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality and survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 62:47–56.e1PubMedCrossRef

131.

Chiang WC, Chen WJ, Chen SY et al (2005) Better adherence to the guidelines during cardiopulmonary resuscitation through the provision of audio-prompts. Resuscitation 64:297–301PubMedCrossRef

132.

Kern KB, Sanders AB, Raife J, Milander MM, Otto CW, Ewy GA (1992) A study of chest compression rates during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in humans: the importance of rate-directed chest compressions. Arch Intern Med 152:145–149PubMedCrossRef

133.

Kramer-Johansen J, Myklebust H, Wik L et al (2006) Quality of out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation with real time automated feedback: a prospective interventional study. Resuscitation 71:283–292PubMedCrossRef

134.

Lukas RP, Grasner JT, Seewald S et al (2012) Chest compression quality management and return of spontaneous circulation: a matched-pair registry study. Resuscitation 83:1212–1218PubMedCrossRef

135.

Niles D, Nysaether J, Sutton R et al (2009) Leaning is common during in-hospital pediatric CPR, and decreased with automated corrective feedback. Resuscitation 80:553–557PubMedCrossRef

136.

Sainio M, Kamarainen A, Huhtala H et al (2013) Real-time audiovisual feedback system in a physician-staffed helicopter emergency medical service in Finland: the quality results and barriers to implementation. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 21:50PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

137.

Sutton RM, Niles D, French B et al (2014) First quantitative analysis of cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality during in-hospital cardiac arrests of young children. Resuscitation 85:70–74PubMedCrossRef

138.

Couper K, Kimani P, Abella BS, Chilwan M, Cooke MW, Davies RP (2015) The System-Wide Effect of Real-Time Audiovisual Feedback and Postevent Debriefing for In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: the Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Quality Improvement Initiative. Crit Care Med. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000001202 (im Druck)

139.

Couper K, Salman B, Soar J, Finn J, Perkins GD (2013) Debriefing to improve outcomes from critical illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 39:1513–1523PubMedCrossRef

140.

Kern KB, Hilwig RW, Berg RA, Sanders AB, Ewy GA (2002) Importance of continuous chest compressions during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: improved outcome during a simulated single lay-rescuer scenario. Circulation 105:645–649PubMedCrossRef

141.

Deakin CD, O’Neill JF, Tabor T (2007) Does compression-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation generate adequate passive ventilation during cardiac arrest? Resuscitation 75:53–59PubMedCrossRef

142.

Bobrow BJ, Clark LL, Ewy GA et al (2008) Minimally interrupted cardiac resuscitation by emergency medical services for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 299:1158–1165PubMedCrossRef

143.

Idris A, Wenzel V, Banner MJ, Melker RJ (1995) Smaller tidal volumes minimize gastric inflation during CPR with an unprotected airway. Circulation 92(suppl):I–759

144.

Winkler M, Mauritz W, Hackl W et al (1998) Effects of half the tidal volume during cardiopulmonary resuscitation on acid-base balance and haemodynamics in pigs. Eur J Emerg Med 5:201–206PubMedCrossRef

145.

Idris A, Gabrielli A, Caruso L (1999) Smaller tidal volume is safe and effective for bag-valve-ventilation, but not for mouth-to-mouth ventilation: an animal model for basic life support. Circulation 100:I–644

146.

Dorph E, Wik L, Steen PA (2004) Arterial blood gases with 700 ml tidal volumes during out-of-hospital CPR. Resuscitation 61:23–27PubMedCrossRef

147.

Wenzel V, Idris AH, Banner MJ, Kubilis PS, Williams JLJ (1998) Influence of tidal volume on the distribution of gas between the lungs and stomach in the nonintubated patient receiving positive-pressure ventilation. Crit Care Med 26:364–368PubMedCrossRef

148.

von Goedecke A, Wagner-Berger HG, Stadlbauer KH et al (2004) Effects of decreasing peak flow rate on stomach inflation during bag-valve-mask ventilation. Resuscitation 63:131–136CrossRef

149.

Aufderheide TP, Sigurdsson G, Pirrallo RG et al (2004) Hyperventilation-induced hypotension during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation 109:1960–1965PubMedCrossRef

150.

O’Neill JF, Deakin CD (2007) Do we hyperventilate cardiac arrest patients? Resuscitation 73:82–85CrossRef

151.

Gazmuri RJ, Ayoub IM, Radhakrishnan J, Motl J, Upadhyaya MP (2012) Clinically plausible hyperventilation does not exert adverse hemodynamic effects during CPR but markedly reduces end-tidal PCO(2). Resuscitation 83:259–264PubMedCrossRef

152.

Baskett P, Nolan J, Parr M (1996) Tidal volumes which are perceived to be adequate for resuscitation. Resuscitation 31:231–234PubMedCrossRef

153.

Beesems SG, Wijmans L, Tijssen JG, Koster RW (2013) Duration of ventilations during cardiopulmonary resuscitation by lay rescuers and first responders: relationship between delivering chest compressions and outcomes. Circulation 127:1585–1590PubMedCrossRef

154.

Ruben H (1964) The immediate treatment of respiratory failure. Br J Anaesth 36:542–549PubMedCrossRef

155.

Kowalik MM (2007) Mouth-to-tracheostomy tube ventilation in an emergency situation. Resuscitation 73:322–323PubMedCrossRef

156.

Sanders AB, Kern KB, Berg RA, Hilwig RW, Heidenrich J, Ewy GA (2002) Survival and neurologic outcome after cardiopulmonary resuscitation with four different chest compression-ventilation ratios. Ann Emerg Med 40:553–562PubMedCrossRef

157.

Dorph E, Wik L, Stromme TA, Eriksen M, Steen PA (2003) Quality of CPR with three different ventilation:compression ratios. Resuscitation 58:193–201PubMedCrossRef

158.

Dorph E, Wik L, Stromme TA, Eriksen M, Steen PA (2004) Oxygen delivery and return of spontaneous circulation with ventilation:compression ratio 2:30 versus chest compressions only CPR in pigs. Resuscitation 60:309–318PubMedCrossRef

159.

Babbs CF, Kern KB (2002) Optimum compression to ventilation ratios in CPR under realistic, practical conditions: a physiological and mathematical analysis. Resuscitation 54:147–157PubMedCrossRef

160.

Fenici P, Idris AH, Lurie KG, Ursella S, Gabrielli A (2005) What is the optimal chest compression-ventilation ratio? Curr Opin Crit Care 11:204–211PubMedCrossRef

161.

Sayre MR, Cantrell SA, White LJ, Hiestand BC, Keseg DP, Koser S (2009) Impact of the 2005 American Heart Association cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care guidelines on out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survival. Prehos Emerg Care 13:469–477CrossRef

162.

Olasveengen TM, Vik E, Kuzovlev A, Sunde K (2009) Effect of implementation of new resuscitation guidelines on quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and survival. Resuscitation 80:407–411PubMedCrossRef

163.

Aufderheide TP, Lurie KG (2004) Death by hyperventilation: a common and life-threatening problem during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med 32:345–351CrossRef

164.

Steinmetz J, Barnung S, Nielsen SL, Risom M, Rasmussen LS (2008) Improved survival after an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest using new guidelines. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 52:908–913PubMedCrossRef

165.

Hinchey PR, Myers JB, Lewis R et al (2010) Improved out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survival after the sequential implementation of 2005 AHA guidelines for compressions, ventilations, and induced hypothermia: the Wake County experience. Ann Emerg Med 56:348–357PubMedCrossRef

166.

Chandra NC, Gruben KG, Tsitlik JE et al (1994) Observations of ventilation during resuscitation in a canine model. Circulation 90:3070–3075PubMedCrossRef

167.

Turner I, Turner S, Armstrong V (2002) Does the compression to ventilation ratio affect the quality of CPR: a simulation study. Resuscitation 52:55–62PubMedCrossRef

168.

Geddes LA, Rundell A, Otlewski M, Pargett M (2008) How much lung ventilation is obtained with only chest-compression CPR? Cardiovasc Eng 8:145–148PubMedCrossRef

169.

Berg RA, Kern KB, Hilwig RW et al (1997) Assisted ventilation does not improve outcome in a porcine model of single-rescuer bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation 95:1635–1641PubMedCrossRef

170.

Berg RA, Kern KB, Hilwig RW, Ewy GA (1997) Assisted ventilation during ‚bystander‘ CPR in a swine acute myocardial infarction model does not improve outcome. Circulation 96:4364–4371PubMedCrossRef

171.

Panchal AR, Bobrow BJ, Spaite DW et al (2013) Chest compression-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation performed by lay rescuers for adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to non-cardiac aetiologies. Resuscitation 84:435–439PubMedCrossRef

172.

Kitamura T, Iwami T, Kawamura T et al (2011) Time-dependent effectiveness of chest compression-only and conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest of cardiac origin. Resuscitation 82:3–9PubMedCrossRef

173.

Mohler MJ, Wendel CS, Mosier J et al (2011) Cardiocerebral resuscitation improves out-of-hospital survival in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 59:822–826PubMedCrossRef

174.

Bobrow BJ, Spaite DW, Berg RA et al (2010) Chest compression-only CPR by lay rescuers and survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 304:1447–1454PubMedCrossRef

175.

Kitamura T, Iwami T, Kawamura T, Nagao K, Tanaka H, Hiraide A (2010) Bystander-initiated rescue breathing for out-of-hospital cardiac arrests of noncardiac origin. Circulation 122:293–299PubMedCrossRef

176.

Ong ME, Ng FS, Anushia P et al (2008) Comparison of chest compression only and standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Singapore. Resuscitation 78:119–126PubMedCrossRef

177.

Bohm K, Rosenqvist M, Herlitz J, Hollenberg J, Svensson L (2007) Survival is similar after standard treatment and chest compression only in out-of-hospital bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation 116:2908–2912PubMedCrossRef

178.

SOS-KANTO Study Group (2007) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation by bystanders with chest compression only (SOS-KANTO): an observational study. Lancet 369:920–926CrossRef

179.

Iwami T, Kawamura T, Hiraide A et al (2007) Effectiveness of bystander-initiated cardiac-only resuscitation for patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 116:2900–2907PubMedCrossRef

180.

Bossaert L, Van Hoeyweghen R (1989) Evaluation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) techniques. The Cerebral Resuscitation Study Group. Resuscitation 17(Suppl):99–109. (discussion S 99–206)CrossRef

181.

Gallagher EJ, Lombardi G, Gennis P (1995) Effectiveness of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation and survival following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 274:1922–1925PubMedCrossRef

182.

Olasveengen TM, Wik L, Steen PA (2008) Standard basic life support vs. continuous chest compressions only in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 52:914–919PubMedCrossRef

183.

Kitamura T, Iwami T, Kawamura T et al (2010) Conventional and chest-compression-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation by bystanders for children who have out-of-hospital cardiac arrests: a prospective, nationwide, population-based cohort study. Lancet 375:1347–1354PubMedCrossRef

184.

Goto Y, Maeda T, Goto Y (2014) Impact of dispatcher-assisted bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation on neurological outcomes in children with out-of-hospital cardiac arrests: a prospective, nationwide, population-based cohort study. J Am Heart Assoc 3:e000499PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

185.

Yeung J, Okamoto D, Soar J, Perkins GD (2011) AED training and its impact on skill acquisition, retention and performance–a systematic review of alternative training methods. Resuscitation 82:657–664PubMedCrossRef

186.

Edelson DP, Abella BS, Kramer-Johansen J et al (2006) Effects of compression depth and pre-shock pauses predict defibrillation failure during cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 71:137–145PubMedCrossRef

187.

Mitani Y, Ohta K, Yodoya N et al (2013) Public access defibrillation improved the outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in school-age children: a nationwide, population-based, Utstein registry study in Japan. Europace 15:1259–1266PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

188.

Johnson MA, Grahan BJ, Haukoos JS et al (2014) Demographics, bystander CPR, and AED use in out-of-hospital pediatric arrests. Resuscitation 85:920–926PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

189.

Akahane M, Tanabe S, Ogawa T et al (2013) Characteristics and outcomes of pediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrest by scholastic age category. Pediatr Crit Care Med 14:130–136PubMedCrossRef

190.

Bar-Cohen Y, Walsh EP, Love BA, Cecchin F (2005) First appropriate use of automated external defibrillator in an infant. Resuscitation 67:135–137PubMedCrossRef

191.

Divekar A, Soni R (2006) Successful parental use of an automated external defibrillator for an infant with long-QT syndrome. Pediatrics 118:e526–e529PubMedCrossRef

192.

Rodriguez-Nunez A, Lopez-Herce J, Garcia C, Dominguez P, Carrillo A, Bellon JM (2006) Pediatric defibrillation after cardiac arrest: initial response and outcome. Crit Care 10:R113PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

193.

Samson RA, Nadkarni VM, Meaney PA, Carey SM, Berg MD, Berg RA (2006) Outcomes of in-hospital ventricular fibrillation in children. N Engl J Med 354:2328–2339PubMedCrossRef

194.

Atkins DL, Everson-Stewart S, Sears GK et al (2009) Epidemiology and outcomes from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in children: the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium Epistry-Cardiac Arrest. Circulation 119:1484–1491PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

195.

Bardai A, Berdowski J, van der Werf C et al (2011) Incidence, causes, and outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in children. A comprehensive, prospective, population-based study in the Netherlands. J Am Coll Cardiol 57:1822–1828PubMedCrossRef

196.

Cobb LA, Fahrenbruch CE, Walsh TR et al (1999) Influence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation prior to defibrillation in patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. JAMA 281:1182–1188PubMedCrossRef

197.

Wik L, Hansen TB, Fylling F et al (2003) Delaying defibrillation to give basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation to patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation: a randomized trial. JAMA 289:1389–1395PubMedCrossRef

198.

Jacobs IG, Finn JC, Oxer HF, Jelinek GA (2005) CPR before defibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized trial. Emerg Med Australas 17:39–45PubMedCrossRef

199.

Baker PW, Conway J, Cotton C et al (2008) Defibrillation or cardiopulmonary resuscitation first for patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrests found by paramedics to be in ventricular fibrillation? A randomised control trial. Resuscitation 79:424–431PubMedCrossRef

200.

Stiell IG, Nichol G, Leroux BG et al (2011) Early versus later rhythm analysis in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 365:787–797PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

201.

Rea T, Prince D, Morrison L et al (2014) Association between survival and early versus later rhythm analysis in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: do agency-level factors influence outcomes? Ann Emerg Med 64:1–8PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

202.

Monsieurs KG, Vogels C, Bossaert LL, Meert P, Calle PA (2005) A study comparing the usability of fully automatic versus semi-automatic defibrillation by untrained nursing students. Resuscitation 64:41–47PubMedCrossRef

203.

Hosmans TP, Maquoi I, Vogels C et al (2008) Safety of fully automatic external defibrillation by untrained lay rescuers in the presence of a bystander. Resuscitation 77:216–219PubMedCrossRef

204.

Weisfeldt ML, Everson-Stewart S, Sitlani C et al (2011) Ventricular tachyarrhythmias after cardiac arrest in public versus at home. N Engl J Med 364:313–321PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

205.

Caffrey SL, Willoughby PJ, Pepe PE, Becker LB (2002) Public use of automated external defibrillators. N Engl J Med 347:1242–1247PubMedCrossRef

206.

Page RL, Hamdan MH, McKenas DK (1998) Defibrillation aboard a commercial aircraft. Circulation 97:1429–1430PubMedCrossRef

207.

O’Rourke MF, Donaldson E, Geddes JS (1997) An airline cardiac arrest program. Circulation 96:2849–2853CrossRef

208.

The Public Access Defibrillation Trial Investigators (2004) Public-access defibrillation and survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 351:637–646CrossRef

209.

Kitamura T, Iwami T, Kawamura T, Nagao K, Tanaka H, Hiraide A (2010) Nationwide public-access defibrillation in Japan. N Engl J Med 362:994–1004PubMedCrossRef

210.

Nichol G, Valenzuela T, Roe D, Clark L, Huszti E, Wells GA (2003) Cost effectiveness of defibrillation by targeted responders in public settings. Circulation 108:697–703PubMedCrossRef

211.

Nichol G, Huszti E, Birnbaum A et al (2009) Cost-effectiveness of lay responder defibrillation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 54:226–35.e1–e2PubMedCrossRef

212.

Folke F, Lippert FK, Nielsen SL et al (2009) Location of cardiac arrest in a city center: strategic placement of automated external defibrillators in public locations. Circulation 120:510–517PubMedCrossRef

213.

Chan TC, Li H, Lebovic G et al (2013) Identifying locations for public access defibrillators using mathematical optimization. Circulation 127:1801–1809PubMed

214.

Folke F, Gislason GH, Lippert FK et al (2010) Differences between out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in residential and public locations and implications for public-access defibrillation. Circulation 122:623–630PubMedCrossRef

215.

Hansen CM, Lippert FK, Wissenberg M et al (2014) Temporal trends in coverage of historical cardiac arrests using a volunteer-based network of automated external defibrillators accessible to laypersons and emergency dispatch centers. Circulation 130:1859–1867PubMedCrossRef

216.

van Alem AP, Dijkgraaf MG, Tijssen JG, Koster RW (2004) Health system costs of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in relation to time to shock. Circulation 110:1967–1973PubMedCrossRef

217.

Berdowski J, Kuiper MJ, Dijkgraaf MG, Tijssen JG, Koster RW (2010) Survival and health care costs until hospital discharge of patients treated with onsite, dispatched or without automated external defibrillator. Resuscitation 81:962–967PubMedCrossRef

218.

Waalewijn RA, de Vos R, Tijssen JG, Koster RW (2001) Survival models for out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation from the perspectives of the bystander, the first responder, and the paramedic. Resuscitation 51:113–122PubMedCrossRef

219.

Priori SG, Bossaert LL, Chamberlain DA et al (2004) Policy statement: ESC-ERC recommendations for the use of automated external defibrillators (AEDs) in Europe. Resuscitation 60:245–252PubMedCrossRef

220.

Bardy GH, Lee KL, Mark DB et al (2008) Home use of automated external defibrillators for sudden cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 358:1793–1804PubMedCrossRef

221.

Truhlar A, Deakin CD, Soar J et al (2015) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015 Section 4 Cardiac Arrest in Special Circumstances. Resuscitation 95:147–200

222.

ILCOR presents a universal AED sign. European Resuscitation Council, 2008. https://www.erc.edu/index.php/newsItem/en/nid=204/. Zugegriffen: 28. Juni 2015

223.

Zafari AM, Zarter SK, Heggen V et al (2004) A program encouraging early defibrillation results in improved in-hospital resuscitation efficacy. J Am Coll Cardiol 44:846–852PubMedCrossRef

224.

Destro A, Marzaloni M, Sermasi S, Rossi F (1996) Automatic external defibrillators in the hospital as well? Resuscitation 31:39–43PubMedCrossRef

225.

Kloppe C, Jeromin A, Kloppe A, Ernst M, Mugge A, Hanefeld C (2013) First responder for in-hospital resuscitation: 5-year experience with an automated external defibrillator-based program. J Emerg Med 44:1077–1082PubMedCrossRef

226.

Forcina MS, Farhat AY, O’Neil WW, Haines DE (2009) Cardiac arrest survival after implementation of automated external defibrillator technology in the in-hospital setting. Crit Care Med 37:1229–1236PubMedCrossRef

227.

Smith RJ, Hickey BB, Santamaria JD (2009) Automated external defibrillators and survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest: early experience at an Australian teaching hospital. Crit Care Resusc 11:261–265PubMed

228.

Smith RJ, Hickey BB, Santamaria JD (2011) Automated external defibrillators and in-hospital cardiac arrest: patient survival and device performance at an Australian teaching hospital. Resuscitation 82:1537–1542PubMedCrossRef

229.

Chan PS, Krumholz HM, Spertus JA et al (2010) Automated external defibrillators and survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 304:2129–2136PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

230.

Gibbison B, Soar J (2011) Automated external defibrillator use for in-hospital cardiac arrest is not associated with improved survival. Evid Based Med 16:95–96PubMedCrossRef

231.

Nolan JP, Soar J, Smith GB et al (2014) Incidence and outcome of in-hospital cardiac arrest in the United Kingdom National Cardiac Arrest Audit. Resuscitation 85:987–992PubMedCrossRef

232.

De Regge M, Monsieurs KG, Vandewoude K, Calle PA (2012) Should we use automated external defibrillators in hospital wards? Acta Clin Belg 67:241–245PubMed

233.

Chan PS, Krumholz HM, Nichol G, Nallamothu BK (2008) Delayed time to defibrillation after in-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 358:9–17PubMedCrossRef

234.

Spearpoint KG, Gruber PC, Brett SJ (2009) Impact of the Immediate Life Support course on the incidence and outcome of in-hospital cardiac arrest calls: an observational study over 6 years. Resuscitation 80:638–643PubMedCrossRef

235.

White L, Rogers J, Bloomingdale M et al (2010) Dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation: risks for patients not in cardiac arrest. Circulation 121:91–97PubMedCrossRef

236.

Haley KB, Lerner EB, Pirrallo RG, Croft H, Johnson A, Uihlein M (2011) The frequency and consequences of cardiopulmonary resuscitation performed by bystanders on patients who are not in cardiac arrest. Prehos Emerg Care 15:282–287CrossRef

237.

Moriwaki Y, Sugiyama M, Tahara Y et al (2012) Complications of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation for unconscious patients without cardiopulmonary arrest. J Emerg Trauma Shock 5:3–6PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

238.

Hoke RS, Chamberlain D (2004) Skeletal chest injuries secondary to cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 63:327–338PubMedCrossRef

239.

Miller AC, Rosati SF, Suffredini AF, Schrump DS (2014) A systematic review and pooled analysis of CPR-associated cardiovascular and thoracic injuries. Resuscitation 85:724–731PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

240.

Sullivan F, Avstreih D (2000) Pneumothorax during CPR training: case report and review of the CPR literature. Prehosp Disaster Med 15:64–69PubMedCrossRef

241.

Cheung W, Gullick J, Thanakrishnan G et al (2009) Injuries occurring in hospital staff attending medical emergency team (MET) calls–a prospective, observational study. Resuscitation 80:1351–1356PubMedCrossRef

242.

Peberdy MA, Ottingham LV, Groh WJ et al (2006) Adverse events associated with lay emergency response programs: the public access defibrillation trial experience. Resuscitation 70:59–65PubMedCrossRef

243.

McDonald CH, Heggie J, Jones CM, Thorne CJ, Hulme J (2013) Rescuer fatigue under the 2010 ERC guidelines, and its effect on cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) performance. Emerg Med J 30:623–627PubMedCrossRef

244.

Sugerman NT, Edelson DP, Leary M et al (2009) Rescuer fatigue during actual in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation with audiovisual feedback: a prospective multicenter study. Resuscitation 80:981–984PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

245.

Hoke RS, Heinroth K, Trappe HJ, Werdan K (2009) Is external defibrillation an electric threat for bystanders? Resuscitation 80:395–401PubMedCrossRef

246.

Sullivan JL, Chapman FW (2012) Will medical examination gloves protect rescuers from defibrillation voltages during hands-on defibrillation? Resuscitation 83:1467–1472PubMedCrossRef

247.

Petley GW, Cotton AM, Deakin CD (2012) Hands-on defibrillation: theoretical and practical aspects of patient and rescuer safety. Resuscitation 83:551–556PubMedCrossRef

248.

Deakin CD, Lee-Shrewsbury V, Hogg K, Petley GW (2013) Do clinical examination gloves provide adequate electrical insulation for safe hands-on defibrillation? I: resistive properties of nitrile gloves. Resuscitation 84:895–899PubMedCrossRef

249.

Petley GW, Deakin CD (2013) Do clinical examination gloves provide adequate electrical insulation for safe hands-on defibrillation? II: material integrity following exposure to defibrillation waveforms. Resuscitation 84:900–903PubMedCrossRef

250.

Axelsson A, Herlitz J, Ekstrom L, Holmberg S (1996) Bystander-initiated cardiopulmonary resuscitation out-of-hospital. A first description of the bystanders and their experiences. Resuscitation 33:3–11PubMedCrossRef

251.

Axelsson A, Herlitz J, Karlsson T et al (1998) Factors surrounding cardiopulmonary resuscitation influencing bystanders’ psychological reactions. Resuscitation 37:13–20PubMedCrossRef

252.

Jabre P, Belpomme V, Azoulay E et al (2013) Family presence during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. N Engl J Med 368:1008–1018PubMedCrossRef

253.

Jabre P, Tazarourte K, Azoulay E et al (2014) Offering the opportunity for family to be present during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: 1-year assessment. Intensive Care Med 40:981–987PubMedCrossRef

254.

Compton S, Fernandez R (2014) Presence during cardiopulmonary resuscitation is beneficial to family members in the out-of-hospital setting. Evid Based Med 19:13PubMedCrossRef

255.

Bierens JJ, Berden HJ (1996) Basic-CPR and AIDS: are volunteer life-savers prepared for a storm? Resuscitation 32:185–191PubMedCrossRef

256.

Mejicano GC, Maki DG (1998) Infections acquired during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: estimating the risk and defining strategies for prevention. Ann Intern Med 129:813–828PubMedCrossRef

257.

Torabi-Parizi P, Davey RT Jr, Suffredini AF, Chertow DS (2015) Ethical and practical considerations in providing critical care to patients with ebola virus disease. Chest 147:1460–1466PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

258.

Blenkharn JI, Buckingham SE, Zideman DA (1990) Prevention of transmission of infection during mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Resuscitation 19:151–157PubMedCrossRef

259.

Cydulka RK, Connor PJ, Myers TF, Pavza G, Parker M (1991) Prevention of oral bacterial flora transmission by using mouth-to-mask ventilation during CPR. J Emerg Med 9:317–321PubMedCrossRef

260.

Adelborg K, Bjornshave K, Mortensen MB, Espeseth E, Wolff A, Lofgren B (2014) A randomised crossover comparison of mouth-to-face-shield ventilation and mouth-to-pocket-mask ventilation by surf lifeguards in a manikin. Anaesthesia 69:712–716PubMedCrossRef

261.

Adelborg K, Dalgas C, Grove EL, Jorgensen C, Al-Mashhadi RH, Lofgren B (2011) Mouth-to-mouth ventilation is superior to mouth-to-pocket mask and bag-valve-mask ventilation during lifeguard CPR: a randomized study. Resuscitation 82:618–622PubMedCrossRef

262.

Paal P, Falk M, Sumann G et al (2006) Comparison of mouth-to-mouth, mouth-to-mask and mouth-to-face-shield ventilation by lay persons. Resuscitation 70:117–123PubMedCrossRef

263.

Fingerhut LA, Cox CS, Warner M (1998) International comparative analysis of injury mortality. Findings from the ICE on injury statistics. International Collaborative Effort on Injury Statistics. Adv Data 1998:1–20

264.

Wong SC, Tariq SM (2011) Cardiac arrest following foreign-body aspiration. Respir Care 56:527–529PubMedCrossRef

265.

Proceedings of the 2005 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Resuscitation (2005) 67:157–341

266.

Redding JS (1979) The choking controversy: critique of evidence on the Heimlich maneuver. Crit Care Med 7:475–479PubMedCrossRef

267.

Langhelle A, Sunde K, Wik L, Steen PA (2000) Airway pressure with chest compressions versus Heimlich manoeuvre in recently dead adults with complete airway obstruction. Resuscitation 44:105–108PubMedCrossRef

268.

Guildner CW, Williams D, Subitch T (1976) Airway obstructed by foreign material: the Heimlich maneuver. JACEP 5:675–677PubMedCrossRef

269.

Ruben H, Macnaughton FI (1978) The treatment of food-choking. Practitioner 221:725–729PubMed

270.

Kinoshita K, Azuhata T, Kawano D, Kawahara Y (2015) Relationships between pre-hospital characteristics and outcome in victims of foreign body airway obstruction during meals. Resuscitation 88:63–67PubMedCrossRef

Springerpflege

Basismaßnahmen zur Wiederbelebung Erwachsener und Verwendung automatisierter externer Defibrillatoren

Kapitel 2 der Leitlinien zur Reanimation 2015 des European Resuscitation Council

Auszug

Weitere Artikel der Sonderheft 1/2017

Springerpflege

Auszug

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten