nach oben

Erschienen in:

2016 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

14. Antepartuale Überwachung

verfasst von : Karl-Theo M. Schneider, Joachim Gnirs, Sven Schiermeier

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Zusammenfassung

Die CTG-Registrierung als das am häufigsten antepartal eingesetzte fetale Überwachungsverfahren hat die in die Methode gesetzten Erwartungen nicht erfüllt. Selbst bei konsequentem Einsatz in Hochrisikokollektiven konnten weder die perinatale Morbidität noch die Mortalität signifikant gesenkt werden.

Der Wehenbelastungstest kann ebenso wie der Non-Stress-Test bei unauffälligem Testresultat sehr viel zuverlässiger eine Gefährdung des Kindes ausschließen als bei auffälligem Ergebnis eine fetale Gefährdung prognostizieren.

Die beste Reproduzierbarkeit bieten dopplersonographische Messungen von arteriellen Blutströmungsgeschwindigkeiten. Allerdings ist die Effizienz dieser Diagnostik wesentlich von der vorherigen Erkennung bzw. Präselektion des Risikokollektivs abhängig. Durch entsprechenden Einsatz dopplersonographischer Untersuchungen in den Hochrisikokollektiven und Anwendung eines geeigneten Behandlungskonzeptes lässt sich die perinatale Mortalität um ca. 30 % senken.

Vorheriges Kapitel Lebensführung und Ernährung in der Schwangerschaft

Nächstes Kapitel Frühgeburt: Pränatale und intrapartale Aspekte

ACOG Committee Opinion No 188 (1997) Utility of antepartum umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry in intrauterine growth restriction. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 59(3):269–270

ACOG Committee Opinion No 573 (2013) Magnesium sulfat in Obstretrics. Obstet Gynecol 122(3):727–728. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000433994.46087.85

ACOG Techn Bull No 207 (1995) Fetal heart rate patterns: monitoring, interpretation, and management. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 51:65–74

ACOG Techn Bull No 9 (2000) Antepartum fetal surveillance. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 68:175–185

ACOG Techn Bull No 101 (2009) Ultrasonography in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 113:451–461

Alfirevic Z, Stampalija T, Gyte GM (2010a) Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in high risk pregnancies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1, CD007529. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007529.pub2PubMed

Alfirevic Z, Stampalija T, Gyte GM (2010b) Doppler ultrasound of fetal vessels in normal pregnancies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (8). Art No: CD001450. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001450.pub3

Anyaegbunam A, Brustman L, Divon M, Langer O (1986) The significance of antepartum variable decelerations. Am J Obstet Gynecol 155:707–710PubMedCrossRef

Babazadeh R, Abdali K, Lotfalizadeh M, Tabatabaie HR, Kaviani M (2005) Diurnal nonstress test variations in the human fetus at risk. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 90:189–192PubMedCrossRef

Badalian SS, Chao CR, Fox HE, Timor-Tritsch IE (1993) Fetal breathing related nasal fluid velocity in uncomplicated pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 141:563–567CrossRef

Bahlmann F, Reinhard I, Krummenauer F, Neubert S, Macchiella D, Wellek S (2002) Blood flow velocity waveforms of the fetal middle cerebral artery in a normal population:reference values from 18 weeks to 42 weeks of gestation. J Perinat Med 30(6):490–501PubMedCrossRef

Baschat AA, Guclu S, Kush ML, Gembruch U, Weiner CP, Harman CR (2004) Venous Doppler in prediction of acid-base status of growth-restricted fetuses with elevated placental blood flow resistance. Am J Obstet Gynecol 191:277–284PubMedCrossRef

Baschat AA, Viscardi RM, Hussey-Gardner B, Hashmi N, Harman C (2009) Infant neurodevelopment following fetal growth restriction:relationship with antepartum surveillance parameters. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 33(1):44–50PubMedCrossRef

Bayerische Perinatalerhebung (2012) BAQ-Jahresbericht 2012 www.Baq-bayern.de/downloads/files/16_1_2012_online.pdf. Zugegriffen im November 2014

Berghella V, Iams JD, Newman RB, Macpherson C, Goldenberg RL, Mueller-Heubach E, Caritis SN, Dombrowski MP (2004) National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Network of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units. Frequency of uterine contractions in asymptomatic pregnant women with or without a short cervix on transvaginal ultrasound scan. Am J Obstet Gynecol 191(4):1253PubMedCrossRef

Biggio JR Jr, Wenstrom KD, Dubard MB, Cliver SP (1999) Hydramnios prediction of adverse perinatal outcome. Obstet Gynecol 94:773–777PubMed

Bobby P (2003) Multiple assessment techniques evaluate antepartum fetal risks. Pediatr Ann 32(9):609–616PubMedCrossRef

Bolnick JM, Garcia G, Fletcher BG, Rayburn WF (2006) Cross-over trial of fetal heart rate response to halogen light and víbroacoustic stimulation. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 19:215–219PubMedCrossRef

Buss C, Davis EP, Class QA, Gierczak M, Pattillo C, Glynn LM, Sandman CA (2009) Maturation of the human fetal startle response:evidence for sex-specific maturation of the human fetus. Early Hum Dev 85:633–638PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Chauhan SP, Sanderson M, Hendrix NW, Magann EF, Devoe LD (1999) Perinatal outcome and amniotic fluid index in the antepartum and intrapartum periods:a meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 181(6):1473–1478PubMedCrossRef

Christensen FC, Rayburn WF (1999) Fetal movement counts. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 26(4):607–621PubMedCrossRef

Clark SL, Sabey P, Jolley K (1989) Nonstress testing with acoustic stimulation and amniotic fluid volume assessment:5973 tests without unexpected fetal death. Am J Obstet Gynecol 160:694–697PubMedCrossRef

Cousins LM, Poeltler DM, Faron S, Catanzarite V, Daneshmand S, Casele H (2012) Nonstress testing at < 32.0 weeks’ gestation: a randomized trial comparing different assessment criteria. Am J Obstet Gynecol 207:311, e1–311.e7PubMedCrossRef

Cruz-Martinez R, Figueras F, Hernandez-Andrade E, Oros D, Gratacos E (2011) Fetal brain Doppler to predict cesarean delivery for nonreassuring fetal status in term small-for-gestational-age fetuses. Obstet Gynecol 117:618–626PubMedCrossRef

Daffos F, Capella-Pavlovsky M, Forestier F (1983) A new procedure of fetal blood sampling in utero: preliminary results of 53 cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol 146:985–987PubMedCrossRef

Dawes GS, Lobb M, Moulden M, Redman CWG, Wheeler T (1992a) Antenatal cardiotocogram quality and interpretation using computers. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 99:791–797PubMedCrossRef

Dawes GS, Moulden M, Redman CWG (1992b) Short-term fetal heart rate variation, decelerations, and umbilical flow velocity waveforms before labor. Obstet Gynecol 80:673–678PubMed

Dèlia A, Pighetti M, Vanacore F, Fabbrocini G, Arpaia L (2005) Vibroacoustic stimulation in normal term human pregnancy. Early Hum Dev 81:449–453CrossRef

Denney JM, Waters TP, Gorman R, Pollock M, Sciscione AC (2008) Choice of antenatal testing significantly effects a patient's work obligations. J Perinatol 28(2):102–106PubMedCrossRef

Devoe LD (2008) Antenatal fetal assessment: contraction stress test, nonstress test, vibroacoustic stimulation, amniotic fluid volume, biophysical profile, and modified biophysical profile – an overview. Semin Perinatol 32(4):247–252PubMedCrossRef

Dirix CE, Nijhuis JG, Jongsma HW, Hornstra G (2009) Aspects of fetal learning and memory. Child Dev 80(4):1251–1258PubMedCrossRef

Divon MY (1996) Umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry:clinical utility in high-risk pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 174:10–14PubMedCrossRef

Druzin ML, Grataco’s J, Keegan KA, Paul RH (1981) Antepartum fetal heart rate testing. VIII. The significance of fetal bradycardia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 139:194–198PubMedCrossRef

East CE, Smyth R, Leader LR, Henshall NE, Colditz PB, Lau R, Tan KH (2013) Vibroacoustic stimulation for fetal assessment in labour in the presence of a nonreassuring fetal heart rate trace. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1). Art No:CD004664. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD0004664.pub3

El-Hamedi A, Shillito J, Simpson NA, Walker JJ (2005) A prospective analysis of the role of uterine artery Doppler waveform notching in the assessment of at-risk pregnancies. Hypertens Pregnancy 24:137–145PubMedCrossRef

Eswaran H, Wilson JD, Preissl H, Robinson SE, Vrba J, Murphy P, Rose DF, Lowery CL (2002) Magnetoencephalographic recordings of visual evoked brain activity in the human fetus. Lancet 360:779–780PubMedCrossRef

Farmakides G, Weiner Z (1995) Computerized analysis of the fetal heart rate. Clin Obstet Gynecol 38:112–120PubMedCrossRef

Figueras F, Lanna M, Palacio M, Zamora L, Puerto B, Coll O, Cararach V, Vanrell JA (2004) Middle cerebral artery Doppler indices at different sites: prediction of umbilical cord gases in prolonged pregnancies. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 24:529–533PubMedCrossRef

Fischer WM (1981) Grundlagen und klinische Wertigkeit der Kardiotokographie. In: Fischer WM (Hrsg) Kardiotokographie. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 91–S 310

Fitzgerald DE, Drumm JE (1977) Noninvasive measurement of the fetal circulation using ultrasound:a new method. BMJ 2:1450–1451PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Florido J, Cortes E, Gutierrez M, Soto VM, Miranda MT, Navarrete L (2005) Analysis of fetal breathing movements at 39–38 weeks of gestation. J Perinat Med 33:38–41PubMedCrossRef

Freeman RK, Anderson G, Dorchester W (1982) A prospective multi-institutional study of antepartum fetal heart rate monitoring. II. Contraction stress test versus nonstress test for primary surveillance. Am J Obstet Gynecol 143:778–781PubMedCrossRef

Galazios G, Tripsianis G, Tsikouras P, Koutlaki N, Liberis V (2010) Fetal distress evaluation using and analyzing the variables of antepartum computerized cardiotocography. Arch Gynecol Obstet 281:229–233PubMedCrossRef

Garcia GS, Mariani Neto C, Araujo Júnior E, Garcia RL, Nardozza LM, Moron AF (2008) Fetal acidemia prediction through short-term variation assessed by antepartum computerized cardiotocography in pregnant women with hypertension syndrome. Arch Gynecol Obstet 278(2):125–128PubMedCrossRef

Gauthier RJ, Evertson LR, Paul RH (1979) Antepartum fetal heart rate testing. 2. Intrapartum fetal heart rate observation and newborn outcome following a positive contraction stress test. Am J Obstet Gynecol 133:34–39PubMedCrossRef

Gávai M, Hargitai B, Váradi V, Belics Z, Csapó Z, Hajdú J, Hauzman E, Berkes E, Papp Z (2008) Prenatally diagnosed fetal brain injuries with known antenatal etiologies. Fetal Diagn Ther 23(1):18–22PubMedCrossRef

Gerson AG, Wallace DM, Stiller RJ, Paul D, Weiner S, Bolognese RJ (1987) Doppler evaluation of umbilical venous and arterial flow in the second and third trimester of normal pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 70:622–626PubMed

Gnirs J (1995) Kineto-Kardiotokographie:automatische Detektion der fetalen Bewegungsaktivität als integraler Bestandteil antepartualer CTG-Registrierungen und ihre Bedeutung für die fetale Zustandsdiagnostik. Habilitationsschrift, Uni München

Gnirs J, Schneider KTM (1996) Diagnostik der fetalen Bewegungsaktivität, fetaler Stimulationstests und der Komplexitätsanalyse des fetalen EKGs als Ergänzung der intrapartalen CTG-Überwachung. Gynakologe 29:22–27

Gnirs J, Schneider KTM, Möhrling D, Wilhelm O, Graeff H (1993) Dopplersonographie, Kineto-Kardiotokographie und fetale Stimulationstests bei Risikoschwangerschaften. Gynakol Geburtshilfliche Rundsch 33(1):309–310CrossRef

Gonser M (1996) Dopplersonographie in der Schwangerenvorsorge. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol 200:69–71PubMed

Gonzalez-Gonzalez NL, Medina V, Padron E, Domenech E, Diaz Gomez NM, Armas H, Bartha JL (2009) Fetal and neonatal habituation in infants of diabetic mothers. J Pediatr 154:492–497PubMedCrossRef

Göschen K, Koepke E (2003) Kardiotokographie – Praxis. 6. Aufl. Thieme, Stuttgart

Govindan RB, Wilson JD, Murphy P, Russel WA, Lowery CL (2007) Scaling analysis of paces of fetal breathing, gross-body and extremity movements. Physica A 386(1):231–233PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Grannum P, Berkowitz RI, Hobbins JC (1979) The ultrasonic changes in the maturing placenta and their relation to fetal pulmonic maturity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 133:915–922PubMedCrossRef

Grivell RM, Alfirevic Z, Gyte GM, Devane D (2012) Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (12). Art No: CD007863. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007863.pub3

Hage ML (1985) Interpretation of nonstress tests. Am J Obstet Gynecol 153:470–495CrossRef

Hamela-Olkowska A, Wiech K, Jalinik K, Zaryjewski D, Kornatowski L, Dangel J (2009) Evaluation of the embryonic and foetal heart rate at 6 (+0) to 11 (+6) weeks of gestation. Ginekol Pol 80(3):188–192PubMed

Heazell AE, Frøen JF (2008) Methods of fetal movement counting and the detection of fetal compromise. J Obstet Gynaecol 28(2):147–154PubMedCrossRef

Hecher K, Campbell S, Doyle P, Harrington K, Nicolaides K (1995) Assessment of fetal compromise by Doppler ultrasound investigation of the fetal circulation. Arterial, intracardiac and venous blood flow velocity studies. Circulation 91:129–138PubMedCrossRef

Hijazi ZR, East CE (2009) Factors affecting maternal perception of fetal movement. Obstet Gynecol Surv 64(7):489–497PubMedCrossRef

Hofmeyr GJ, Novikova N (2012) Management of reported decreased fetal movements for improving pregnancy outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4). Art No: CD009148. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009148.pub2

Hoskins IA, Frieden FJ, Young BK (1991) Variable decelerations in reactive nonstress tests with decreased amnionic fluid index predict fetal compromise. Am J Obstet Gynecol 165:1094–1098PubMedCrossRef

Hoyer D, Nowack S, Bauer S, Tetschke F, Rudolph A, Wallwitz U, Jaenicke F, Heinicke E, Götz T, Huonker R, Witte OW, Schleussner E, Schneider U (2013) Fetal development of complex autonomic control evaluated from multiscale heart rate patterns. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 304(5):383–392CrossRef

Hui D, Okun N, Murphy K, Kingdom J, Uleryk E, Shah PS (2012) Combinations of maternal serum markers to predict preeclampsia, small for gestational age, and stillbirth: a systematic review. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 34(2):142–153PubMedCrossRef

Johnson MJ, Paine LL, Mulder HH, Cezar C, Gregor C, Johnson TRB (1992) Population differences of fetal biophysical and behavioral characteristics. Am J Obstet Gynecol 166:138–142PubMedCrossRef

Karsdorp VHM, van Vugt JMG, van Geijn HP, Kostense PJ, Arduini D, Mentenegro N, Todros T (1994) Clinical significance of absent and reversed enddiastolic flow velocity waveforms in umbilical artery. Lancet 344:1664–1668PubMedCrossRef

Lalor JG, Fawole B, Alfirevic Z, Devane D (2008) Biophysical profile for fetal assessment in high risk pregnancies. Cochrane Database of Systematic Rev 2008(1). Art No: CD000038. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000038.pub2

Lam H, Leung WC, Lee CP, Lao TT (2005) The use of fetal Doppler cerebroplacental blood flow and amniotic fluid volume measurement in the surveillance of postdated pregnancies. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 84:844–848PubMedCrossRef

Lees C, Marlow N, van Wassenaer-Leemhuis A et al (2014) The trial of randomized umbilical and fetal flow in Europe (TRUFFLE) study: Two year neurodevelopmental and intermediate perinatal outcomes. Lancet (accepted Nov 2014)

Maeda K, Noguchi Y, Matsumoto F (2003) Evaluation of prolonged fetal monitoring with normal and pathologic outcome probabilities determined by artificial neural network. Fetal Diagn Ther 18(5):370–375PubMedCrossRef

Magann EF, Chauhan SP, Doherty DA, Lutgendorf MA, Magann MI, Morrison JC (2007) A review of idiopathic hydramnios and pregnancy outcomes. Obstet Gynecol Surv 62(12):795–802PubMedCrossRef

Manning FA, Morrison I, Harmann CR, Lange IR, Menticoglou S (1987) Fetal assessment based on fetal biophysical profile scoring:experience in 19.221 referred high risk pregnancies. 2. An analysis of false negative fetal deaths. Am J Obstet Gynecol 157:880–884PubMedCrossRef

Manning FA, Harman C, Menticoglou S (1996) Fetal biophysical score and cerebral palsy at age 3 years. Am J Obstet Gynecol 174:319

Matsuura M, Murata Y, Hirano T, Nagatti N, Doi S, Suda K (1996) The effects of developing autonomous nervous system on FHR variabilities determined by the power spectral analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 174:380

McKenna D, Tharmaratnam S, Mahsud S, Dornan J (2005) Ultrasonic evidence of placental calcification at 36 weeks’ gestation:maternal and fetal outcomes. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 84:7–10PubMedCrossRef

Miller DA, Rabello YA, Paul RH (1996) The modified biophysical profile:antepartum testing in the 1990s. Am J Obstet Gynecol 174:812–817PubMedCrossRef

Mohide P, Keirse MJNC (1991) Biophysical assessment of well-being. In: Chambers I, Erkin M, Keirse MJNC (Hrsg) Effective care in pregnancy and childbirth, Pregnancy. Oxford University Press, Oxford, S 57–66

Moore TR (1990) Superiority of the four-quadrant sum over the single-deepest-pocket technique in ultrasonographic identification of abnormal amniotic fluid volumes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 163:762–767PubMedCrossRef

Moran M, Ryan J, Higgins M, Brennan PC, McAuliffe FM (2011) Poor agreement between operators on grading of the placenta. J Obstet Gynaecol 31(1):24–28PubMedCrossRef

Morris RK, Cnossen JS, Langejans M, Robson SC, Kleijnen J, Ter Riet G, Mol BW, van der Post JA, Khan KS (2008) Serum screening with Down's syndrome markers to predict pre-eclampsia and small for gestational age:systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 4:8–33

Myers RE, Mueller-Heubach E, Adamsons K (1973) Predictability of the state of fetal oxygenation from quantitative analysis of the components of late deceleration. Am J Obstet Gynecol 115:1083–1094PubMedCrossRef

Nabhan AF, Abdelmoula YA (2009) Amniotic fluid index versus single deepest vertical pocket as a screening test for preventing adverse pregnancy outcome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2). Art No :CD006593

Nageotte JP, Towers CV, Asrat T, Freeman RK (1994) Perinatal outcome with the modified biophysical profile score. Am J Obstet Gynecol 170:1672–1676PubMedCrossRef

Neilson JP (2012) Biochemical tests of placental function for assessment in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (8). Art No: CD000108. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000108.pub2

Nelson KB, Dambrosia JM, Ting TY, Grether JK (1996) Uncertain value of electronic fetal monitoring in predicting cerebral palsy. N Engl J Med 334:613–618PubMedCrossRef

Nijhuis JG (1991) Fetal behaviour and biophysics as observed by ultrasound. J Perinat Med 19(1):145–150PubMed

Nijhuis JG, Prechtl HFR, Martin CB jr, Bots RSGM (1982) Are there behavioural states in the human fetus? Early Hum Dev 6:177–195

Olesen AG, Svare JA (2004) Decreased fetal movements:background, assessment, and clinical management. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 83:818–826PubMedCrossRef

Oosterhof H, van der Stege JG, Lander M, Prechtl HFR, Aarnoudse JG (1993) Urine production rate is related to behavioural states in the near term fetus. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 100:920–922PubMedCrossRef

Pattinson RC, Norman K, Odendaal HJ (1994) The role of Doppler velocimetry in the management of high risk pregnancies. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 101:114–120PubMedCrossRef

Petrovic O, Finderle A, Prodan M, Skunca E, Prpic I, Zaputovic S (2009) Combination of vibroacoustic stimulation and acute variables of mFBP as a simple assessment method of low-risk fetuses. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 22(2):152–156PubMedCrossRef

Petrozella LN, Dashe JS, McIntire DD, Leveno KJ (2011) Clinical significance of borderline amniotic fluid index and oligohydramnios in preterm pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 117(2 Pt 1):338–342PubMedCrossRef

Pillai M, James D (1990) The development of fetal heart rate patterns during normal pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 76:812–816PubMedCrossRef

Platt LD, Paul RH, Phelan J, Ca W, Broussard P (1987) Fifteen years of experience with antepartum fetal testing. Am J Obstet Gynecol 156:1509–1515PubMedCrossRef

Proud J, Grant AM (1987) Third trimester placental grading by ultrasonography as a test of fetal well being. Br Med J 294:1641–1647CrossRef

Ray M, Freeman R, Pine S, Hesselgesser R (1972) Clinical experience with the oxytocin challenge test. Am J Obstet Gynecol 114:1–6PubMedCrossRef

Reinhard J, Hayes-Gill BR, Schiermeier S, Löser H, Niedballa LM, Haarmann E, Sonnwald A, Hatzmann W, Heinrich TM, Louwen F (2011) Uterine activity monitoring during labour – a multi-centre, blinded two-way trial of external tocodynamometry against electrohysterography. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol 215(5):199–204PubMedCrossRef

Reinhard J, Hayes-Gill BR, Schiermeier S, Hatzmann H, Heinrich TM, Louwen F (2013) Intrapartum heart rate ambiguity: a comparison of cardiotocogram and abdominal fetal electrocardiogram with maternal electrocardiogram. Gynecol Obstet Invest 75(2):101–108PubMedCrossRef

Riehn A, Sarembe B, Riehn F, Szendzielarz D (1990) Die fetale Herzfrequenzüberwachung bei der stehenden Schwangeren. Zentralbl Gynakol 112:1519–1523PubMed

Roberge S, Nicolaides KH, Demers S, Villa P, Bujold E (2013) Prevention of perinatal death and adverse perinatal outcome using low-dose aspirin: a meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 41:491–499PubMedCrossRef

Roza SJ, Steegers EA, Verburg BO, Jaddoe VW, Moll HA, Hofman A, Verhulst FC, Tiemeier H (2008) What is spared by fetal brain-sparing? Fetal circulatory redistribution and behavioral problems in the general population. Am J Epidemiol 168(10):1145–1152PubMedCrossRef

Sadovski E, Yaffe H (1973) Daily fetal movement recording and fetal prognosis. Obstet Gynecol 41:845–850

Salmelin A, Wiklund I, Bottinga R, Brorsson B, Ekman-Ordeberg G, Grimfors EE, Hanson U, Blom M, Persson E (2013) Fetal monitoring with computerized ST analysis during labor: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 92(1):28–39PubMedCrossRef

Schneider KTM, Deckardt R (1991) The implication of upright posture on pregnancy (1991). J Perinat Med 19(1–2):121–131PubMedCrossRef

Schneider KTM, Deckardt R, Graeff H, Huch A, Huch R (1987) Ist mütterliches Stehen ein physiologischer fetaler Streßtest? Arch Gynecol Obstet 242:733–735CrossRef

Schneider KTM, Bung P, St W, Huch A, Huch R (1993) An orthostatic uterovascular syndrome – a prospective, longitudinal study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 169:183–189PubMedCrossRef

Schneider KTM, von Kaisenberg C, Holzgreve W (Hrsg) (1994) Manual der fetalen Medizin mit Referenzwerten für den klinischen Anwender. Springer, Berlin

Schneider KTM, Butterwegge M, Daumer M, Dudenhausen J, Gonser M, Husslein P, Hecher K, Jensen A, Rath W, Schmidt S, Vetter K, Zimmermann R (2013) Anwendung des CTG während Schwangerschaft und Geburt. DGGG, AGMFM, DGPM, AWMF 015/036 S1, gültig bis 31.08.2017 [http://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/ll/015-036.html]

Shanks A, Tuuli M, Schaecher C, Odibo AO, Rampersad R (2011) Assessing the optimal definition of oligohidramnios associated with adverse neonatal outcomes. J Ultrasound Med 30:303–307PubMed

Sheiner E, Abramowicz JS (2012) A symposium on obstetrical ultrasound: is all this safe for the fetus? Clin Obstet Gynecol 55(1):188–198PubMedCrossRef

Smith CV, Phelan JP, Platt LD, Broussard P, Paul RH (1986) Fetal acoustic stimulation testing. II. A randomized clinical comparison with the nonstress test. Am J Obstet Gynecol 155:131–134PubMedCrossRef

Smith GC, Shah I, White IR, Pell JP, Crossley JA, Dobbie R (2007) Maternal and biochemical predictors of antepartum stillbirth among nulliparous women in relation to gestational age of fetal death. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 114(6):705–714CrossRef

Spätling L, Fallenstein F, Danders R, Hasenberg A (1994) External four-channel tocography during delivery. Int J Gynecol Obstet 46:291–295CrossRef

Spinillo A, Montanari L, Bergante C, Gaia G, Chiara A, Fazzi E (2005) Prognostic value of umbilical artery Doppler studies in unselected preterm deliveries. Obstet Gynecol 105:613–620PubMedCrossRef

Staisch KJ, Westlake JR, Bashore RA (1980) Blind oxytocin challenge test and perinatal outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 138:399–403PubMedCrossRef

Stembera ZK (1969) Fetal tolerance to maternal exercise hypoxia, perinatal factors affecting human development. Pan American Health Organization, Sci Publ, Washinton, DC, S 186

Tan KH, Smyth R (2010) Fetal vibroacoustic stimulation for facilitation of tests of fetal wellbeing. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1:CD002963. doi:10.1002/14651858. CD002963

Tan KH, Sabathy A, Wie X (2013) Fetal manipulation for facilitating tests of fetal well being. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 7:12. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003396.pub2, CD003396

Thacker SB, Berkelman RL (1986) Assessing the diagnostic accuracy and efficacy of selected fetal surveillance techniques. Obstet Gynecol Surv 41:121–141PubMedCrossRef

Thornton JG, Hornbuckle J, Vail A, Spiegelhalter DJ, Levene M (2004) GRIT study group. Infant wellbeing at 2 years of age in the Growth Restriction Intervention Trial (GRIT):multicentred randomised controlled trial. Lancet 364:513–520PubMedCrossRef

Todd AL, Tridinger BJ, Cole MJ, Cooney GH (1992) Antenatal tests of fetal welfare and development at age 2 years. Am J Obstet Gynecol 167:66–71PubMedCrossRef

Torloni MR, Vedmedovska N, Merialdi M, Betrán AP, Allen T, González R, Platt LD (2009) ISUOG-WHO Fetal Growth Study Group. Safety of ultrasonography in pregnancy:WHO systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 33(5):599–608PubMedCrossRef

Turan S, Turan OM, Berg C, Moyano D, Bhide A, Bower S, Thilaganathan B, Gembruch U, Nicolaides K, Harman C, Baschat AA (2007) Computerized fetal heart rate analysis, Doppler ultrasound and biophysical profile score in the prediction of acid-base status of growth-restricted fetuses. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 30(5):750–756PubMedCrossRef

Turitz AL, Bastek JA, Sammel MD, Parry S, Schwartz N (2012) Can vibroacoustic stimulation improve the efficiency of a tertiary care antenatal testing unit? J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 25(12):2645–2650PubMedCrossRef

Unterscheider J, Daly S, Geary MP, Kennelly MM, McAuliffe FM, O'donoghue K et al (2013) Predictable progressive Doppler deterioration in IUGR - does it really exist? Am J Obstet Gynecol. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2013.08.039

van den Broek AJM, Kok JH, Houtzager BA, Scherjon SA (2010) Behavioural problems at the age of eleven years in preterm-born children with or without fetal brain sparing: a prospective cohort study. Early Hum Dev 86(6):379–384. doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2010.04.007PubMedCrossRef

Vayssière C, Tsatsaris V, Pirrello O, Cristini C, Arnaud C, Goffinet F (2009) Inter-observer agreement in clinical decision-making for abnormal cardiotocogram (CTG) during labour:a comparison between CTG and CTG plus STAN. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 116(8):1081–1087CrossRef

Viegas OAC, Arulkumuran S, Gibb DMF, Ratnam SS (1984) Nipple stimulation in late pregnancy causing uterine hyperstimulation and profound fetal bradycardia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 91:364–366PubMedCrossRef

Visintin C, Mugglestone MA, Almerie MQ, Nherera LM, James D, Walkinshaw S (2010) Management of hypertensive disorders during pregnancy: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ 341:c2207. doi:10.1136/bmj.c2207PubMedCrossRef

Weiner Z, Divon MY, Katz N, Minior VK, Nasseri A, Girz B (1996) Multivariant analysis of antepartum fetal test in predicting neonatal outcome of growth retarded fetuses. Am J Obstet Gynecol 174:338

Westerhuis ME, Moons KG, van Beek E, Bijvoet SM, Drogtrop AP, van Geijn HP, van Lith JM, Mol BW, Nijhuis JG, Oei SG, Porath MM, Rijnders RJ, Schuitemaker NW, van der Tweel I, Visser GH, Willekes C, Kwee A (2007) A randomised clinical trial on cardiotocography plus fetal blood sampling versus cardiotocography plus ST-analysis of the fetal electrocardiogram (STAN) for intrapartum monitoring. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 26:7–13

Williams KP, Farquharson DF, Bebbington M, Dansereau J, Galerneau F, Wilson RD, Shaw D, Kent N (2003) Screening for fetal well-being in a high-risk pregnant population comparing the nonstress test with umbilical artey Doppler velocimetry:a randomised controlled clinical trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 188:1366–1371PubMedCrossRef

Wolf HT, Hegaard HK, Greisen G, Huusom L, Hedegaard MJ (2012) Treatment with magnesium sulphate in pre-term birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Obstet Gynecol 32(2):135–140CrossRef

Zahn V (1984) Uterine contractions during pregnancy. J Perinat Med 56:36–40

Titel: Antepartuale Überwachung
verfasst von: Karl-Theo M. Schneider
Joachim Gnirs
Sven Schiermeier
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Buch: Die Geburtshilfe
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-45063-5

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-662-45064-2

Copyright-Jahr: 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45064-2_14

Springerpflege

Zusammenfassung

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten